I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay Focused on the Big picture
1. Observe impact of nationalism and self determination
2. Show how world cultures are converging
3. Observe impact of population, resource use on the environment
III. The Twentieth Century in Chunks
A. The World War I Era
1. Because of European colonizing, many around the world tied into European affairs
2. Nationalism and building up of militaries infected Europe, drawing world closer to war
3. Shifting Alliances: A prewar Tally of European Countries
a. Germany formed alliance with
1. Austria-Hungary
2. Italy
3. Russia
b. New ruler of Germany soured relations with Russia
c. Russia formed new alliance with France, friendly with Britain
4. Trouble in the Balkans: Europe in a Tizzy
a. Ottoman empire on the decline
b. Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina
c. Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia, chain reaction follows
d. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed Central Powers
e. 40 countries went total war, millions died in 4 years
f. Women working in factories fought for suffrage
g. Central Powers capitulated in 1918
5. The Treaty of Versailles: Make the Germans cry
a. Germany was scapegoat of the war
b. Germany forced to:
1. Release territory
2. pay war reparations
3. downsize military
c. President Wilson's more fair 14 points unpopular
d. German resentment of victors fostered home for Hitler's ideals
6. The League of Nations: Can't We all just get along?
a. Mentioned under Wilson's Fourteen Points
b. Leaders at Versailles like idea, but faltered when asked to join
c. Isolationist congress embarrassingly turned down Wilson's idea
7. The Russian Revolution: Czar out, Lenin in
a. Under Czar Nicholas, Russian Army failing, lack of industrialization
b. Alexander Kerensky took power, establishing provisional government
1. Soviets under his rule angry, overthrew him
2. Lenin took power, establishing red Army to crush counterrevolutionaries
c. Western neighbors wary of Russia
8. Here come the Turks: The Sick Man of Europe is Put out of his Misery
a. Ottoman Empire made mistake of joining Central Powers
b. Greeks took Ottoman lands but repulsed by Ataturk's forces
1. Ataturk westernized Turkey
2. Some did not like his actions
B. The WWII Era
1. Stalin: The Soviets go totalitarian
a. Stalin instituted collectivization, killing those whom resisted
b. Stole crops from farmers, causing famines
c. Joseph Stalin relied on terror tactics, killing millions, used labor camps
2. The Great Depression: Capitalism Crashes, Germany Burns
a. Capitalism financed recovery for most of war damages
b. Germany paid French who were owed big by Russia with US credit
c. Economy crashed in '29
d. U.S and Germany most devastated by crash
e. Fascism arose in Europe, FDR elected in landslide election
3. Fascism gains Momentum
a. Wanted identity rooted in extreme nationalism
b. Not all identical
c. Fascists wanted individual will destroyed in favor of the people
4. Fascism in Italy: Another Step toward Another War
a. Benito Mussolini headed National Fascist party, used Blackshirts to crush his enemies
b. Fascists took control of Parliament, Benito soon in absolute control
c. Mussolini focused on expansion to North Africa to rally people
5. The Rise of Hitler
a. Wiemar republic, democratic republic established after WWI
b. Nazi party ushered in by Depression, promised glory again for Germany
1. Nazis soon dominated Reichstag, Third Reich established
6. Go Ahead, You nut, We trust ya
a. German military rebuilt
b. Germany and Italy supported fascists in Spanish Civil War
c. Later Hitler took or received
1. Czechoslovakia
2. The Rhineland
3. Sudentenland
d. Britain and France signed pacts with other non- Hitler countries
e. Hitler signed Nazi-Soviet pact, allying with Russia
7. Need to Read about some more aggression? How about Japan?
a. After WWI, they were victorious, demanding trade rights from the Chinese
b. Once Great Depression hit, Japanese militarists concluded building an empire would rescue
finances
c. Building an Empire: Hostilities begin
1. Manchuria invaded
2. Anti-Comintern pact signed with Germany
3. China invaded, Rape of Nanjing occurred
4. Japan's war soon to merge with European war
8. A Quick Review of WWII: Tens of Millions Dead
a. German blitzkrieg conquered most of continental Europe in one year
b. German advance
1. Germans tried to bomb Britain into submission, failed
2. Germans double crossed Soviet Union, invaded them
C. Japan advances
1. Angered by U.S. trade Sanctions
2. Surprise attacked Pearl Harbor, U.S. Naval Base
3. Continued invading southest asia, and pacific islands
d. The end is coming
1. German forces pushed back to Berlin, they lost
2. Japanese held out longer, Atom bombed twice to surrender
3. War was over
9. The Consequences: So Much changed!
a. The Holocaust Revealed
1. Millions of Jews and "imperfects" slaughtered throughout war
2. News spread, symapthy for Jews and their need of homeland climbed
b. The Peace Settlement
1. Nazi war criminals tried and sentenced
2. Germany occupied by Allies
3. Japan demilitarized, now friendly to west
c. Europe Torn to Shreds
1. Infrastructure of many countries destroyed
2. U.S. Marshall Plan accepted by western Europe, recovered their economies in a decade
d. The Decline of Colonialism
1. War affected atitudes about empire
2. Colonists began to rise against rulers
e. Big Changes for Women
1. Women worked on homefrront during war, replacing men's jobs
2. After war, many expanded their horizons
f. The Creation of International Organizations
1. UN created to ally nations so large wars would not break out again
2. Primary goal was to
a. Mediate world affairs
b. Intervene if needed
3. Other organizations created such as:
a. World Bank
b. International Monetary fund
c. World Trade Organization
g. The Start of the Cold War
1. Cold War started in 1945
2. U.S. and Soviet Union strategized how to contain each other's ideology
3. Struggle lasted for nearly 50 years
C. Communism and The Cold War
1. Power Grab: Soviets and Americans Want Everyone to Take Sides
a. Struggle began almost immediately
b. Each superpower wanted their respective ideas to be more influential
c. Soviet Union set up puppet states in Eastern Europe
d. In 1948, Britain, France, and America united to form west Germany
e. After Berlin Blockade by Soviets, Three others received West Berlin
f. Soviets later split Berlin's halves with Berlin Wall
2. East Versus West: Let's Point Our Weapons at Each Other
a. Eastern Bloc and The Warsaw Pact
1. East Germany
2. Poland
3. Czechoslovakia
4. Romania
5. Hungary
b. Western Bloc and Nato
1. Britain
2. France
3. Italy
4. Belgium
5. The Netherlands
6. Norway
7. West Germany
8. Eventually Greece and Turkey
c. Two sides loaded conventional, then nuclear weapons at borders
d. Some countries allied with superpowers
e. Some remained nonaligned, neutral, or let both superpowers come to them
3. China: Communists make Huge Gains
a. Sun Yat-Sen promoted Three Principles of The People
b. He created political party Kuomindang for own usage
c. Russia helped Chinese KMT fight Japanese
d. In 1949, after Chinese Civil War, communist Mao Zedong took power
1. Mao implemented Great Leap Forward, collectivized farms and industry
2. Collectivised farms could not meet quota, many people starved
3. Mao Zedong cooled relations with Russia
4. Mao rebuilt military
5. Mao's Cultural Revolution eliminated
a. western influenced intelligentsia
b. Dissident civilians
e. Mao Zedong died, allowing Deng Xiaoping to restructure economy
f. China Looks West: Likes the Money, Not So Sure About The Freedom
1. Still communist, capitalist reforms being made
2. Reforms were wildy successful
3. Government remains strictly communist, reforms semi-stunted
4. Division of Korea: The Cold War Turns Hot and Now Possibly Nuclear
a. Korea freed from Japan after WWII
b. U.S. backed Democracy in South
c. Soviet Communist regime in North Korea
d. The War and Its Results
1. North Korea invaded South Korea
2. The Two Sides battled out, neither won any territory in the end
3. An armistice was signed, North and South today still separate
e. North Korea
1. Nutty rulers ruled afterward
2. Nuclear tests follow
3. Talks with North Korea faltered, NK still a threat
f. South Korea
1. Economically prosperous
2. U.S. Military presence strong
5. Vietnam: The Cold War Turns Ugly
a. French Colonists attacke by Vietminh Guerillas
b. Country split into north and south
c. The Conflict
1. Millions killed
2. Peace agreement led to the unification of Vietnam as communist state
3. Communism stepped forward in the region
4. Foreign policy affected for decades
6. The Cuban Revolution: Communism on the American Doorstep
a. Free Cuba was ruled by U.S supported Batista dictatorship
b. Batista dictatorship overthrown by Fidel Castro
c. Under Fidel Castro's rule
1. Communism grew there
2. Good relations with Soviet Union established
3. Soviet missiles put there
d. U.S. intervention
1. Attack by U.S. backed Cuban Exiles failed
2. Later American blockade of Soviet ships to Cuba succeeded
3. After end of Cold War, Cuba became poor again
7. Poland: Solidarity grows in popularity
a. Solidarity party was headed by Lech Walesa
b. Solidarity promoters wanted economic reforms in communist government
c. In 1989 Solidarist Tadeusz Mazowiecki became Polish Prime Minister
d. Lech Walesa and later rulers established democratic constitution
e. Poland westernized, joined EU and Nato
8. German Reunification: All this, Just To Be Back Where It Started
a. Germany became free market democracy after Soviet decline
b. East German factories and industries worked to be competitive with the west
c. German econmy rebuilt, Germany became a leading economy in Europe
9. The Soviet Union Collapses: Glasnost, Perestroika, Kaput
a. Mikhail Gorbachev instituted reforms, creating more free enterprises
b. Mikhail signed nuclear arms treaties with U.S.
c. Soviet satellites rebelled and got freedom
d. Most have set up constitutional democracies
D. Independence Movements and Developments in Asia and Africa
1. The Indian Subcontinent
a. Indian National Congress established for Hindu freedom
b. Muslim League established for Muslim independence
c. Armritsar massacre of protesters by British set off large movement
d. Mohandas Gandhi leads Hindus
1. He became leading protester
2. Organized many peaceful protests and boycotts
3. Jailed multiple times
4. Although Hindu, Gandhi promoted mutual respect of both religions
e. Independence won: Nations Two
1. Once independence gained, bloodshed started
2. Britain intervened, splitting India into thirds
a. Two Muslim parts
b. One Hindu part
3. Muslim part became Pakistan and Bangladesh
4. Violence between two occurs today
2. Africa
a. African nations motivated for freedom by WWII
b. Thousands of Africans fought for the Allies, believed they were worthy to be free
c. Saharan countries gained independence through strong Islamic ties
d. Subsaharan Africa had more difficult time because of
1. Lack of skilled workers
2. Raped of Resources
e. Rwanda: Ethnic Genocide
1. Rwanda independence declared in 1962
2. Hutu and Tutsi fought and killed many of each other in genocide
3. In 1972, Juvenal Habyarimana made a coup against government, gaining power
4. After his death, civil war erupted, leaving 800,000 dead and 2 million displaced
5. Rwandians held onto culture
f. Developments in South Africa: Rise and Fall of the Apartheid
1. In 1910, Boer Republics and two British colonies established as Union of South Africa
2. Racial segregation and banning of blacks in certain work areas occurred in 1926
3. After British withdrawal in 1931, apartheid government of whites established
a. Blacks given bad land
b. Lived restricted lives
4. The African National Congress
a. Supported peaceful protest against the apartheid
b. After Sharpeville Massacre, people encouraged to use guerrilla warfare
c. Leader Nelson Mandela imprisoned by apartheid, later released after apartheid crumbled
3. The Middle East
a. Israel: Balfour Declares a Mess
1. Over time, Jews left Palestine because of increased Muslim presence
2. Muslims made Palestine their home
3. During WWI, Britain gained control of Palestine, allowing both to live together through Balfour Declaration
4.During WWII, thousands of Jews escaped to Israel, where funding from other Jews came after
b. The Jewish Wait For A State Ends in 1948
1. In 1948, UN established two Palestines for the respective religions
2. Israeli state announced, six Arab nations invaded Israel and lost, Palestinians without homes
3. In 1967, Arab Nations defeated trying to invade Israel
4. PLO arose to fight for Islamic presence in
a. West Bank
b. Gaza Strip
c. Golan Heights
d. Terrorist tactics used
5. Later Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas signed cease fire with Israel, ending infitada
a. Israelis withdrew from West Bank
b. Hamas later engaged Israel
c. Hezbollah attacked in 2006
d. Lasting peace an unsure thing
6. The Iranian Revolution: The Shah gets Shooed
a. Reza Shah Pahlavi rose to power, ousting the ruling shah
b. Shah Pahlavi's Reign
1. Pahlavi joined Persia (Iran) with West
2. Pahlavi increased womens' rights, gave more land reform
3. Shah Pahlavi continued reforms even through public disapproval
c. Iranian revolution
1. Ayatollah Khomeini reversed Pahlavi's gains
2. His men took 79 American hostages in 1979
3. Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, quietly supported by infuriated U.S.
d. After Ayatollah's death, power struggle erupted between fundamentalists and western supporters
e. In 2005, ultra conservative mayor Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected, relations with U.S. established
7. Oil: Enormous Amounts of Goo
a. After Industrial Revolution, oil no longer goo
b. Having a high demand for oil, Middle East and other Oil producing countries united
c. Organization named OPEC
d. Opec put a monopoly on oil, driving up oil prices in the 70's
E. Globalization And The World Since 1980
1. International Terrorism and War
a. Cold War Organizations
1. UN
2. NATO
3. International Atomic Energy Agency
b. Other organizations
1. Human Rights Watch
2. Doctors Without Borders
3. Amnesty International
2. War in The Gulf: Oil and Saddam Hussein
a. Saddam Hussein advanced into Kuwait to gain oil reserves for more strikes for oil
b. UN forces dispatched and defeated Saddam's forces, still leaving him to rule
c. Second Gulf War
1. Initiated by U.S. and G.B. to oust Saddam Hussein
2. Saddam's forces beaten, Saddam eventually captured
3. U.S. and British forces continue to occupy country in increased violence
4. Troop surge activated in 2007
3. Taliban, Al Queda, Osama Bin Laden
a. The Soviet-Afghan War
1. Thousands of Russian troops sent into Afghanistan at request of leader Nur Muhammad Taraki in early 80s
2. U.S. backed Mujahideen fought the Soviets
3. Mujahideen won, Soviets withdrew, the Soviet Union on the decline
b. After internal Civil war, Taliban emerged as Aghan ruling party
1. Taliban had hatred for
a. Israel (Jewish People)
b. Saudi Arabia (Close to U.S.)
c. U.S. (Believes they infect Islamic culture)
2. War on Terror
a. After September 11th, 2001 bombing, War on Terror declared
b. Taliban ousted from power
c. Smaller Suicide bombings continue against
1. Israelis
2. Other Muslims
3. Surrounding countries
4. Done by Al Queda and similar groups
4. World Trade and Cultural Exchange
a. With Cold War over, new business oppurtunities arose for old enemies
b. Invention of the internet made trade easier
c. Trading blocks arose such as
1. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
2. European Union (EU- Made the Euro a currency)
3. With Trade and transportation easier, cultures spread and homogenized
5. Global Alphabet Soup
a. With globalization of trade, organizations founded to support and protect it
b. GATT founded to reduce international trade barriers (Now WTO)
c. G6 (Group of Six), later G8 founded as a forum for world's major trading democracies
1. U.S.
2. Great Britain
3. (West) Germany
4. Poland
5. Italy
6. Japan
7. Canada
8. Russia
6. Environmental Change
a. Until 1980s, environmental issues focused on local pollution or waste management
b. In the 50s and 60s, pesticides ruined lands, upset species, and the biomes
c. Water and oil both in high demand and short supply
d. Industry makes it hard to be environmentally safe, and adequate for the masses.
7. Technology Since 1980
a. The PC was consolidated, its power increased through silicon chips
b. The World Wide Web
1. In late 1980s, early WWW versions were running out of Europe
2. Commercial browsers allowed personal users access to news, email, data
3. The gap between internet and non internet users grew
IV. Changes and Continuities In The Role Of Women
A. Suffrage and Politics
1. By the 1930s, Women in many places gained suffrage
2. Middle Eastern Women can not vote sometimes
3. In communism, few women hold key roles
B. Family Rights
1. Women received
a. Divorce rights
b. More inheritance rights
c. Child posession rights
2. Women in the Work Force
a. Women at public workplaces more accepted after WWII
b. Women still paid less than men in some places
c. Women worked in industry during the World Wars and a lot after
V. Pulling It all Together
A. Nationalism was a key factor in the twentieth centuries
B. Nationalism led to or was fueled by
1. Both World Wars
2. The freedom of nations
3. Religious and secular wars
4. Broad cultural characteristics
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment