II. Stay Focused On The Big Picture
1. How are the events of this time interconnected?
2. Why did nationalism grow so much in this period?
3. How and why do political, social, etc. changes occur?
4. How did the environment impact industrial and economic development?
III. Industry and Imperialism
A. The Industrial Revolution
1. Agriculture Revolution Part II
a. Agricultural output increased in the eighteenth century due to new technologies
1. Field Rotation
2. New crops from the New World to Europe
b. Fertilizers invented
2. The Effect
a. Fewer people did more work with new plows and reapers
b. Jobless People moved to cities, boosting manufacturing
2. Technological Innovations: The Little Engine That Could
a. Domestic system created
1. Middlemen gave wool or cotton to women who would make cloth from it
2. Middlemen would go out and sell the cloth
b. Inventions change everything for Middlemen
1. Eli Whitney's cotton gin
2. Weaving advances
3. Both led to women being cut out and mills replacing them
3. But Wait, There's More!
a. Communcative advances
1. Telegraph
2. Telephone (enabled one to talk to another directly miles away)
3. The light bulb
4. The Internal Combustion engine
5. The Radio
6. The Airplane (travel was dangerous, but fast)
b. Scientific advances were made, like the discovery of x-rays and pasteurization
4. The Factory System: An Inefficient Monster
a. Workers and their job
1. Workers as young as six worked for 16 hours
2. Worker pay was minimal
3. Working conditions were dangerous
b. The Efficient Side
1. Interchangeable parts were created for products
2. The assembly line made product assembly faster
3. Many people were given jobs
5. New Economic and Social Philosophies: No Shortage of Opinions
a. New social classes
1. Aristocrats (wealthy factory beneficiaries)
2. Middle Class working professionals like lawyers
3. Peasants in and outside of the city
b. Adam Smith Versus Karl Marx
1. Adam Smith promoted
a. Private enterprise ownership
b. Capitalism, a free market system
2. Karl Marx promoted
a. That Capitalism led to the exploitation of factory workers
b. Peasants would eventually rebel and take the means of production
c. Karl believed that the governments and businesses allied against the peasants
d. His ideas were the base of Socialism and Communism
c. Reforms were made in Britain and America
d. The Soviet Union liked Marxism and made Marx's theory come true
6. Capitalism and Enlightenment combine: Reform Catches On
a. In Britain,
1. Slave trade was abolished in 1807
2. Factory Act of 1883 was initiated
3. Social mobility (advancing in class) became commonplace
b. In America as well,
1. Women returned to the home
2. Suffragists became active
3. Life's hardships still common in many other places
7. In Search Of Natural Resources: Stealing is Cheaper Than Dealing
a. Europeans raped their colonists of supplies for European factories
b. In turn, the Europeans forced their colonists to buy European products
8. The European Justification: Superiority Is a Heavy Burden
a. Many Europeans did not care about colonists, considering them Barbarians
b. Ye Hippocrites!
1. Many Europeans viewed themselves as civilized, even though not
2. They tried to spread their civility to the colonist "devils"
B. European Imperialism in India
1. The Fight for India
a. Internally weakened and chaotic India up for grabs
b. Britain and France wanted India, and fought for it
c. The French lost
d. British East India Company's rule
1. BIEC troops secured India
2. Established Administrative Regions throughout the area
3. Expanded into Pakistan and Afghanistan
2. The Sepoy Mutiny: Too Little, Too Late
a. Sepoy Indians worked for the British, rebelled when they discovered their faith had been violated
b. Mutiny failed miserably
c. Queen Victoria recognized as empress of India
3. Full-Blown British colonialism: England on the Indus
a. Ruling British Anglocized the upper castes
b. Urbanization spread
c. Upper castes gained influence, began to think of independence
d. Indian National Congress established in the mid 1800s
C. European Imperialism in China
1. The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers Force Their Right To Deal
a. In 1838, Opium across China was banned
b. Britain, infuriated, engaged the Chinese
1. Two Opium Wars were fought
2. Britain won both
3. Britain foced China for more trading opportunities
4. Britain also took possession of Hong Kong
2. The Word Is Out: China Is Crumbling
a. White Lotus Rebellion of Buddhists started because of anger over government corruption and taxes
b. Taiping Rebellion sought to destroy the Manchu government, and failed
c. From the 1860s-90s, China lost many territories and wars
d. European governments casrved out pieces of China for themsleves
3. The Boxer Rebellion: Knocked Out in the First Round
a. Anti Western and anti Manchu group, The Society of Right and Harmonious Fists
b. Used guerrilla tactics and murdered Christians, but eventuallu beaten
c. China forced to pay reparations
D. Japanese imperialism
1. In 16th and 17th centuries, Japan was an ethnocentric society
2. In 1853, everything changed
a. American Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan in an advanced steamboat
b. Japanese realized they were outdated
c. The Shogun promoted trade with America
d. Nationalists became angry, revolted, and restored Emperor Meiji to power
3. The Meiji Restoration: Shogun Out, Emperor In, Westerners Out
a. Japan modernized in own way, building ships and railroads
b. All males required to serve in the military
c. In 1890, quickly industrialized Japan rose in power
d. 1895-1904
1. Japan beat China in war, taking Korea and Taiwan
2. In 1904, Japan secured Manchuria and spread their influence
E. European Imperialism In Africa
1. Summary
a. Prior to Industrial Revolution, Africa held little interest to Europeans
b. Slaves were "all Africa was good for"
2. The Slave Trade Finally Ends
a. In early 1800s, many Europeans abolished slavery
b. A grandfather clause kept living slaves and descendents, however
c. As slave trade ended, Africa itself began to be exploited
3. South Africa: Gold Rings, a Diamond Necklace, and a British Crown
a. South Africa originally a Dutch trading, military post
b. British troops conquered it
c. British Rule and the Effects
1. Dutch Boers trekked north, discovered gold
2. Britain angered, sent the military to crush the Boers
3. Boers defeated
4. Britain annexed the land, forcing Africans to mine it
5. South Africa eventually self-ruled under Britain by whites
6. Educated black South Africans formed the African National Congress to oppose white apartheid
4. Egypt: A New waterway makes a Splash
a. In 1805, Egypt "freed" itself from Ottoman rule in a Muhammed Ali headed rebellion
1. Industrialized Egypt
2. Beat French advance, too
b. Subsequent rulers
1. Worked with French to build Suez Canal
2. Need: An expedited voyage from Europe to India
3. Government leaders overspent, forced to sell Suez stocks to the British
4. French were driven out, going to other parts of North Africa, like the Italians
5. The Berlin Conference: Carving Up The Continent
a. In 1884, Berlin Conference engaged, set rules of colonializing Africa
b. Countries made a mad dash for territory
c. In 30 years, nearly all of Africa was colonized by Europe
d. Tribal Boundaries and cultures clashed under rule, or were torn apart
e. Westernizing Africa
1. Europeans added western business practices
2. European Schools
3. Christian missionaries
4. To Africa, destroying the cultures of Africa
VI. Political Developments In The Americas And Europe
A. Two Revolutions: American And French
1. The American Revolution
a. The French and Indian War
1. Britain beat French troops and Indians near Colonial territory, pushing the French back
2. War was expensive, and British rulers imposed taxes on Americans to pay the price
b. The Colonists- Rebel?
1. Infuriated by taxes, American patriots ambushed the British at Lexington and Concord in 1775
2. Some colonists opposed and questioned the revolution
3. Thomas Paine's Common Sense pamphlet supported and promoted rebellion, succeeded
c. The War Itself
1. The American patriots lost many battles until French intervention
2. After French intervention, Britain forces forced to surrender at Yorktown
3. A constitution and bill of rights created and ratified, the U.S. now a democracy
2. The French Revolution
a. Summary
1. Because of France's poor financial position, King Louis XVI called a meeting, Estates General
2. Reason for meeting was to get support from other leaders to raise taxes
b. The Estates General: Generally a Mess
1. French Society: The Three Classes
a. First Estate-Clergy
b. Second Estate-Noble families
c. Third Estate-Peasant farmers and middle class
2. Frustrated by not being able to participate in new constitution, Third Estate became National Assembly, rebelled in 1789
3. National Assembly soon created a document based off
a. Enlightenment
b. American Constitution
4. National Assembly removed King Louis XVI and created France as a nation-state
c. A New Constitution Causes Consternation
1. Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, had Austrians and Prussians invade France, only to fail
2. Continuing unrest lead to the creation of ruling body, the Convention
3. A republic was set up, and the king was killed
d. The Reign of Terror: The Hard-Fought Constitution Gets Tossed Aside
1. The Convention created the Committee of Safety, a brutal secret police force
2. Anarchy was controlled, but many were killed
3. Committee of Safety Leader Maximilien Robespierre beheaded
4. New constitution written in 1795, five man governing body the Directory lead France
e. Napolean: Big Things Come In Small Packages
1. Star military general Napolean Bonaparte overthrew the Directory in 1799
2. After legitimizing his rule with popular vote, became First Consul and wrote new constitution
3. Napolean made some reforms
a. Agriculture
b. Infrastructure
c. Public Education
d. Church Relations
4. All citizens considered equals
5. Napolean's Imperial Rise and Fall
a. Napolean expanded the French Empire from Portugal to Prussia
b. Napolean became greedy and attacked Russia, losing the battle and most of his army
c. Napolean went into exile
d. Overthrowers of Napolean's empire met in Vienna, quarreled, united after hearing of Napolean's final offensive
e. Napolean was beaten, put into exile, and died long after
6. The Congress of Vienna: Pencils and Erasers at Work
a. France put back to pre-Napoleanic size
b. France not punished
c. New kingdoms established or reinstated throughout Europe
d. Main idea was to erase Napolean from history and restore royal order
B. Lots of Independence Movements: Latin America
1. Summary
a. Latin Americans inspired by the American and French Revolutions
b. They took advantage of a chaotic Europe and Rebelled
2. Haiti: Slave Revolt Sends France a Jolt
a. Thousands of slaves under freed slave Pierre Toussant L-'Ouverture rebelled in 1801
b. A violent, but successful revolt drove French reinforcing troops out
c. With first leader in prison Jacques Dessalines proclaimed
1. Haiti a free republic in 1804
2. Himself governor-general for life
3. South America: Visions of Grandeur
a. Revolution for Venezuela led by Simon Bolivar
b. Simon established a national congress and defeated Loyalists of Spain
c. Argentinian general Jose de San Martin rebelled against Spain, linking up with Simon Bolivar, making a nearly entirely free South America
4. Brazil: Power To The Pedros
a. After Napolean's invasion of Portugal, Portugese king John VI fled to Brazil
b. When Napolean was defeated, King John VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro in charge of Brazil
c. Pedro soon declared Brazil independent, and himself emperor of it; Pedro II ruled soon after
d. Abolished Slavery
5. Mexico: A Tale of Two Priests
a. In 1810, Creole Priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule, but was killed
b. Another, Jose Morelos continued the revolt and failed, being killed by rich land owners
c. In 1821, Treaty of Cordoba signed, making Mexico and soon after the rest of Central America independent
6. The Effects of The Independence Movements: More Independence Than Freedom
a. Many countries continued European practices and relied on their economies
b. Catholic Church preserved European slave ideas
c. Enlightenment did not spread there
C. Two Unifications: Italy and Germany
1. The Unification of Italy: Italians Give Foreign occupiers The Boot
a. In mid 1800s, Italy divided into kingdoms owned by Austria and Italian kingdoms
b. From 1849-1870, multiple wars lead by Italian nationalists ousted the Austrian presence throughout Italy
c. Italy had hard time uniting because of centuries of separation, but grew powerful
2. The Unification of Germany: All About Otto
3. Provoked France into war and won
4. More principalities won
e. Emperor William I ruled new empire, but was not liked by socialists
f. William II stepped up and
1. Pursued colonial ambitions
2. Industrialized more
3. became a world power
D. Other Political Developments
1.Russia: Life with Czars
a. Czars at first had absolute power over the serf population, and used it brutally
b. Reforms were made for serfs over time, but slower than the west
c. In mid 1800s, a middle class began to appear
d. Feeling threatened, Alexander III instituted Russification, killing many non complaints
e. Factory output was expected to increase from peasants, even though factories were still dangerous
f. Nicholas II (1894-1917) created Russian representative body, the Duma, but disbanded it when he could have used it
2. The Ottoman Empire: Are They Still Calling It an Empire?
a. Ottoman empire weakened in 17th and 18th centuries
b. Many of Its countries freed themselves, worrying Britain and France of Russian expansion
c. Britain and France defended The Ottoman Empire's borders to prevent Russian invasion
d. Britain colonized more in Egypt
3. U.S. Foreign Policy: This Hemisphere is Our Hemisphere
a. Monroe Doctrine prevented European powers from colonization in the Americas
b. If dispute between Europeans and Americans arose, U.S. would intervene
c. Some resented this
d. U.S. incited Panamanians to declare independence, so Panama Canal could be built
e. In 1898, Spanish forces were defeated in Cuba by Americans, declaring Cuba independent
V. Technology and Intellectual Developments
A. Many Railroads and Trains, as well as steam vehicles were used to expedite delivery or travel
B. New Entertainment and Art Arose
1. Department store chains created
2. Modernism, became new painting and sculpture art, spawned cubism, Surrealism
C. Cultures Intertwine
1. Japanese writers and artists fused western inspirations into their art
2. Trading and Empires, as always spread culture, even faster now
D. Mass Production of Horrific Weapons allowed for much destruction on battlefields
VI. Changes And Continuities In The Role of Women
A. European Women And Others
1. Women held many high political positions
2. Women still second in society
3. With interracial and intercultural marriage more common, social status changed
B. African Women
1. With African male migrations, many african women were left unmarried
2. Some old or widowed women viewed in a superstitious or respectful light
3. Education and opportunites for girls still limited throughout world
VII. Pulling It All Together
A. Revolution!
1. Mutiple Revolutions
a. Commercial (Industrial)
b. American
c. French
d. Scientific
2. Multiple Reformations
a. Protestant
b. Enlightenment
c. The Renaissance
B. Europe Goes Everywhere
1. European countries explored the world and their past
2. European colonial rule was organized and ethnocentric, unlike Europe itself
3. With so much technological and cultural changes, Europe was a divided and chaotic place
4. Non-European Cultures: Response To The West
a. China and Japan were powerful and influential, keeping European cultures largely out
b. Africa was unorganized, leaving Europeans an easy way to trade and stay there
c. Other cultures like the Americas were either decimated, or trade was more limited, not so militaristic
5. The Change of The lobal Economy
a. Mercantilism tied together political and economic developments
b. With joint-stock companies established, the masses could participate in business and economy
c. With more freedom for everymen, governments began to lose their grip on their economies
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