A. Nomads: Follow the Food
1. Forage Societies
a. Followed animals' movements, their source of sustenance
b. Had no permanent shelters
2. pastoral Societies
a. Farmers grew crops
b. Farmers raised livestock as well
c. People settled down
d. Women lost some rights
B. Neolithic Revolution
1. Agriculture
a. People settled and grew close to their land
b. Farming fed many and left food for a winter surplus
c. Landscape was altered by farming techniques such as:
1. Irrigation canals
2. tilled fields
3. Home building
4. Quarrying
2. Metallurgy
a. Bronze created from Copper- Tin alloy
b. Granite and other stones shaped
C. The Big, early Civilizations
1. Mesopotamia
a. Sumer, Babylon,and Persia made Mesopotamia
b. The use of iron for farming and war was key
c. Iron allowed farmers and soldiers to respectively
1. Easily till crops
2. Create devastatingly strong and powerful weapons
2. Ancient Egypt
a. Three Kingdoms
1. Old
2. Middle
3. New
b. Mastered Nile River
1. Learned the flooding pattern
2. Used it for their crops
c. They were polytheistic and believed in afterlife
3. Indus Valley Civilization
a. Advanced Technology use
b. They created elaborate architectural designs
c. Aryans arrived, city abandoned around 1900 b.c.e.
4. Shang on the Hwang
a. China was an isolated place
b. They invented:
1. Pottery
2. Silk
3. Calendar
c. dynasty ruled from 1600-1100 b.c.e.
5. Mesoamerica and South America
a. Great civilizations were the:
1. Olmec
2. Chavin
b. Not dependent on a river valley for sustenance
c. They were fishermen
d. Invented items equal to their wordly contemporaries
6. West Africa
a. Bantu migrations began in 1500 b.c.e.
b. Migrations spurred by harmful climate change
c. Jenne- Jeno was first city in West Africa
D. The Classical Civilizations : Mesoamerica
1. In search of Slaves Part 1
a. Mesoamericans created an accurate calendar
b. They made advances in agricultural technology
c. Equivalent to other cultures
2. In search of Slaves part 2
a. They were polytheistic
b. Human sacrifices were common
c. Their Golden age was from 500-850 c.e.
E. The Classical Civilizations: India and China
1. The Mauryan Empire in India
a. Empire united many Aryan tribes
b. Empire fueled by trade under Ashoka's reign
c. Rock and Pillar Edicts created
1. Influenced by Buddhism
2. Encouraged Righteous and generous lives
2. The Gupta Dynasty in India
a. Referred to as Golden Age of Mauryan empire
b. They created math concepts such as:
1. Pi
2. Zero
3. Arabic Numeral System
c. Caste System and Hinduism resurrected
1. Child marriage was common
2. Women lost many rights
3. The Qin Dynasty in China
a. Extremely short dynasty
b. Connected various walls, creating the Great Wall of China
c. Their dynasty was:
1. Organized
2. Territorial
3. Centralized
d. Shihuangdi, the first emperor standardized:
1. Weights
2. Currencies
3. Measures
4. Laws
e. Patriarchal society
f. Followers of Legalism
g. Empire destroyed by internal civilian rebellion
4. The Han Dynasty in China b.c.e. 200-200 c.e.
a. Led by warrior Wu Ti in the beginning
b. Buddhism spread along the Han controlled Silk Road
c. Civil Sercvice exam created
1. Culled out bad candidates, leaving the good for office
2. Generally only the wealthy could afford to prepare for the tests
F. The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean
1. Greece
a. The Social Structure and Citizenship
1. City-states known as Polises
2. Main Polises:
a. Culural Athens
b. Militaristic Sparta
3. Three groups in society
a. Citizens ( Free men who could participatein government)
b. Free people ( No government rights)
c. Slaves ( No government rights)
b. Government
1. Was a democracy, but only for free men
2. Slavery enabled democracy
a. Free men given time to do other things
b. Slaves could become free men
3. All citizens had to vote on issues
c. Greek Mythology
1. Greeks were polytheistic
2. Gods behaved humanly- they had faults
3. Greek gods referred to today
d. The War with Persia
1. Polises united against invaders
2. Much of Greece destroyed
a. Many cities razed
b. Heavy civilian and military losses
3. After the war, Greece was free to prosper
e. The Golden Age of Pericles
1. Pericles restored the Athenian infrastructure by:
a. Rebuilding Athens
b. Allowing all adult males to participate in government
2. Established The Delian League with other polises
3. Age lasted 200 years
4. Golden Age produced greats such as:
a. Socrates
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
5. Great plays written
a. Comedies
b. Tragedies
c. Classics
f. The End of Athens
1. Sparta formed Peloponnesian League, threatening The Delian League
2. Athens attacked by Sparta
a. Disease spread
b. Population starved
c. Athenian Navy beaten at Syracuse
3. Athens defeated
4. Macedonia invaded Greece shortly after Spartan takeover
g. The Macedonians March
1. Macedonians formed large empire under Alexander the Great
2. They spread Greek ideas and culture- Hellenism
3. Split into three empires
4. Alex died young, causing:
a. a crumbling empire
b. an opening for the Romans to rise
2. Rome
A. Roman Mythology
1. Romans were polytheistic
2. Renamed Greek gods to fit culture
B. Rome's social structure
1. Three groups:
a. Plebeians
b. Patricians
c. Slaves
2. Two representative Democracy groups
a. The Senate- Strictly Patrician
b. The Assembly- Patrician and later Plebeian
3. Consuls elected by Assembly, having power over Assembly
4. Roman Women and Slaves
a. Roman women could:
1. manage properties
2. purchase properties
b. considered inferior to men
c. Slaves could purchase freedom
C. Roman Law
1. Twelve Tables of Rome, civil laws, used today
2. Laws later applied to conquered peoples
D. Roman Military Domination: Going Places
1. Primary Enemy was African city Carthage
2. Beat Carthage in all three Punic Wars
3. Rome spread its culture through warfare
4. Empire spread to:
a. North Africa
b. West Europe
c. Middle East
5. Roman army built roads to:
a. move troops easily
b. Encourage trade
E. End of an Era: The beginning of an Empire
1. Rome's infrastructure and itself began to falter because of:
a. Inflation
b. Overcrowding of city
c. political infighting
2. Senate fell apart, first Triumvirate born
a. Julius Caesar
b. Pompey
c. Crassus
3. Caesar killed other two, murdered by angry senators later
4. Second triumvirate came, Octavius rose to Emperor
F. Pax Romana
1. Augustus (Octavius) created and (or) standardized:
a. Rule of Law
b. Common Coinage
c. Civil Service
2. Augustus augmented Empire's borders
3. Arts and Sciences flourished with the creations of
a. Pantheon
b. Colosseum
c. Forum
d. Metamorphoses
e. Aeneid
f. Great astronomical discoveries
g. Aquaducts
4. Religious Diversity
a. Shortly after Augustus's reign, Christianity came about
b. Romans began to persecute Christians and Jews because:
1. They were seen as threats to the empire
2. They were seen as threats to polytheism
c. Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 c.e., ending persecution
d. Christianity became official Roman religion
G. Late Classical Period: Empires collapse and people move
1. The Maya collapse
a. Cause unknown
b. Several plausible possibilities
1. Internal chaos and unrest
2. Environmentals supplies exhausted
c. Populace began to leave roughly 900 c.e.
2. The collapse of the Han Empire
a. Interrupted by Xin dynasty from 9-23 c.e.
b. Xin dynasty ruled by Wang Mang
c. Wang Mang made disasterous mistakes, led to peasant uprising
d. Xin dynasty ended with Wang Mang's death in battle
e. Han dynasty resurrected, but ended in 220 c.e.
3. Collapse of the Gupta Empire
a. Invaded by White Huns in 400 c.e.
1. Held Huns off for 50 years
2. Not defeated by Attila's forces
b. Gupta defense costly
c. Empire eventually overrun, culture managed to survive
4. Collapse of the Western Roman Empire
a. Collapse gradual from internal decay, but outside pressure began to break Rome down
b. Diocletion became emperor, and he
1. Split the empire
2. Reformed the armies
3. Budgeted the government
c. Constantine made Byzantium eastern capital, was a competent leader
d. A while After Constantine's death, Visigoths sacked Rome, ending western Roman empire
5. Cultural Diffusion: 200-600 c.e.
a. Trade began to flourish after imperial collapses, bringing
1. Culures
2. Religions
3. Diseases
4. Invaders to one another
b. Religions spread were Buddhism, and Christianity mainly
c. Cultures expanded, such as:
1. Anglo-Saxons to Britain
2. Huns to China
d. World changing, leading to new developments
IV. Major Belief Systems through 600 c.e.
A. Pay Attention to:
1. Focus on the ancient impact, not modern impact
2. The Schisms of religions
3. Focus on religious
a. Social
b. Political
c. Cultural
d. And military developments
4. Where a religious system started as well as
a. Where it spread to
b. Whom it came into conflict with
B. Polytheism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Almost all ancients except Christians and Jews were polytheistic
b. Some Aryan religions had polytheistic sects worshipping different gods
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Polytheists believed in multiple gods
b. Some thought of gods as merciful givers
c. Others lived in fear of their gods and appeased to them
3. Broader Impact
a. Center of peoples' lives
b. Buildings built in honor of gods
c. Priests and a ruling class created
d. Rise and Fall of city states seen as earth-heaven event, validity for military success
C. Confucianism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Specifically the Chinese
b. Practiced from 400 b.c.e. onward
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Started by Confucius, a political advisor and educator
b. Started to spread his thoughts, which were collected in the Analects
c. Not a religion: Confucianism is social and political philosophy
d. Fundamental ideas were
1. Five Fundamental Relationships
a. Ruler and Subject
b. Parent and child
c. Husband and wife
d. Older Brother and Younger Brother
e. Friend and Friend
2. Three values
a. Ren
b. Li
c. Xiao
e. Believed in strong administrators in whatever government
3. Broader Impact
a. Confucianism
1. Compatible with Religion
2. Made sense to many government leaders, they followed it
3. Lead to tight knit communities
b. Did not go beyond China's borders
D. Daoism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Only some Chinese practiced it
b. Practiced from 500 b.c.e. onward
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Defined as way of nature and the cosmos
b. Founded by Lao-tzu
c. Basic ideas were:
1. Dao does everything and nothing
2. Humans should emulate the Dao
3. Wuwei is internal Dao doctrine
3. Broader Impact
a. Small communities and sciences advocated
b. Daoists became great
1. Astronomers
2. Botanists
3. Chemists
c. Daoism coexisted with other religions, adding to China's complexity
E. Legalism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Mostly Chinese during Qin Dynasty
b. Other Chinese did as well
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Main idea was that Legalists did not trust human nature, strict laws needed
b. Legalists Preferred to rule through fear
c. Legalists believed most worthy professions were:
1. Farming
2. Military
3. Broader Impact
a. Great Wall finished swiftly through Legalism
b. Many civilians resented legalism
c. Very few practiced Legalism, going to other religions
F. Hinduism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a.Aryans
b. Subsequent Empires in the Indian Subcontinent
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Hindus believe in supreme god Brahma
b. Manifestations of Brahma were also gods
c. The Hindu lifestyle
1. Behave well in current life, advance a step in the caste system
2. Keep doing that until Moksha (heaven and internal peace) is reached
3. Broader Impact
a. Caste System created by Hinduists
b. Many Hindus accept their life
c. Like Confucianism, Hinduism did not spread past India
d. Later spawned Buddhism
G. Buddhism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. India
b. China
c. Southeast Asia
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
b. Buddhists follow Four Noble Truths, discovered by Buddha (Siddhartha)
1. Life is suffering
2. Desire causes suffering
3. One can be freed of desire
4. To free oneself of desire, follow the Eightfold Path
c. The Main Buddhist sects are
1. Theravada
2. Mahayana
3. Broader Impact
a. Buddhism appealed to many
b. Not reliant on the caste system
c. When Ashoka reigned, Buddhism took off, only to be reabsorbed into Hinduism
d. Buddhism spread to:
1. China
2. Japan
3. Southeast Asia
H. Judaism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. The Hebrews
b. Also called Jews
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Jews believe they are God's chosen people (monotheistic!)
b. Personal relationship with God important
c. Jews believe they must honor God's will and follow his laws
d. Judaism is a religious and social custom
I. Christianity
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Originally a splinter group of Jews
b. Later on Gentiles and others practiced it
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Came to be because of Jesus of Nazareth
b. People liked, were attracted to his ideas of
1. Devotion to God
2. Love for others
c. Christianity is based on
1. Old Testament
2. New Testament of Bible
3. Belief that Jesus is Son of God
4. Belief that eternal life comes from
a. Faith in the Divinity
b. Death
c. Resurrection of Christ
5. Expectation to serve God and others
3. Broader Impact
a. Early on, Jesus's disciples spread Christianity
b. Promise of eternal life for everyone brought many women and poor
c. Spread into Mediterranean, affecting future events
V. Technology and Innovations
A. Basic Technology
1. Basic inventions were:
a. Farming tools like hoes and carts
b. Metallurgy-Copper and stonework
2. Farming a lot meant food surplus
c. Manipulating environment-Tree cutting and ditch digging
B. Defensive Technology
1. Use of Metals
a. Used in Chariots
b. Melee weapons- Swords and spears
c. Other various things
2. Animal Usage
a. First empires came at same time as chariot
b. Horses initially too small for soldiers in armor
c. Stirrup used on saddle a major invention for horse users and archers
C. Public Works
1. Irrigation
a. Flood Control
1. Dikes
2. Canals
b. Sewage systems devised for safe waste removal and sanitation
3. Architectural Monuments
a. Religious monuments- pyramids, temples
b. Roads for travel and trade
c. Structures used to
1. Assert a leader's authority
2. Facilitate state functionality
3. Keep populace satisfied and employed
D. Trade
1. Early things traded were:
a. Silk
b. Cotton
c. Wool
d. Jewelry
2. Later things traded were olive oil and spices
E. Communications and Record keeping
1. Calendars
a. All civilizations developed relatively accurate calendars
b. Only the Maya made a 365 day calendar
2. Concept of Zero thought of by
a. Maya
b. Gupta
F. Chinese inventions
1. Chemical Inventions
a. Discovery of gunpowder
b. Distillation of alcohol
c. Paper invented
2. Other inventions
a. Compass
b. Windmills
c. Wheelbarrows
VI. Changes and Continuities In The Role of Women
A. Social Female Status
1. Upper Class Women more restricted from outside life
2. Lower class women and slaves more free to work outside
B. Religious Female Status
1. Christianity, Buddhism, Daoism
a. Females considered equals
b. Able to achieve Nirvana or salvation
c. Free to become a nun, be away from society
2. Hinduism and Confucianism
a. More restrictions on women
b. Hindu Women could not reach Moksha
c. Confucianism favored men
d. Confucian women were educated, in virtues and manners
VI.
1. Civilizations
a. Contributors of growth are
1. Agriculture
2. Written language
3. Metals
b. City lifespan
1. City grows and conquers
2. With no enemies, a golden age occurs
3. Empire grows too big and citizens bcome restless
4. Internal or external problems lead to the downfall of the city
2. Sources of Change
a. Cultures diffused through
1. Trade
2. Conquest
3. Religion on trade escapades
b. Civilizations
1. Adapt
2. Innovate
3. Adopt
3. Humans Versus Nature
a. Changing Earth's Face
1. Canals being dug
2. Stones cut, carved
3. Plowing fields
b. Developed nations less at nature's mercy
c. Free from worry about nature, people began to be concerned with internal peace
600-1450- Chapter VII
I. Chapter Overview
II. Pay Attention To
III. Review of History Within Civilizations
A. The Rise Of Islam
1. Islam (monotheistic) arose in the 7th century c.e.
a. Muslims believe Allah (God) Spoke to Mohammad
b. Muslims believe these words, wrote them in book called Koran
c. Muslims follow
1. The Five Pillars
2. Jihad- To struggle
3. Jewish and Christian Prophets
2. Allah be Praised: Islam Takes Hold
a. Founded by Mohammad in year 622 c.e. after Hijra
b. Made Mecca the focal point of Muslim pilgrimage
c. Islam spread to:
1. Middle East
2. Africa
3. Arabian peninsula
3. The Empire grows as the Religion Splits
a. After Mohammad's death, Abu Bakr made Caliph
b. Later caliph Hasan was forced to relinquish title to a prominent Meccan family, creating the Umayyad dynasty
4. The Umayyad Dynasty
a. Standardized
1. Language- Arabic
2. Gold and Silver coins for commerce
b. Empire expanded into North Africa and Spain
c. Forced non Muslim converts to pay a tax
d. Islam split into two groups, Shia and Sunni
e. The Shia gained power, ousted the Umayyad, creating the Abbasid Dynasty
5. The Abbasid Dynasty
a. Existed from 250-1258 c.e., until defeated by Mongols
b. Empire based on trade and manufacture of
1. Swords
2. Jewels
3. Literature
c. Defeating a T'ang army brought them
1. Knowledge of how to make paper and preserve cultures
2. Silk Road
d. Muslim Sufis converted many to Islam
e. Muslims largely religiously tolerant, but practiced conversion with some force
6. Women and Islam: For Better, For Worse
a. Women viewed as restricted property, sometimes killed at birth
b. After the Qu'ran
1. Still Subserviant to men
2. Granted some legal rights
3. Infanticide
4. Women still carried less weight in court
5. Womens' primary duty over time became to love and care for her family
7. Decline of The Islamic caliphates
a. Decline Similar to that of Rome
1. Turk Mamluks rebelled, making a new capital
2. Shia Dynasty arose
3. Other groups were carving out the empire
b. Finally beaten by the Mongols
1. Many Muslims fled to Egypt
2. Ottoman Turks reunited Mid East until 1918
B. Developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire
1. Western Roman Empire collapsed, became decentralized
2. Eastern Half became Byzantine Empire, flourished
3. Both practiced Christianity, not in the same way
4. The Byzantine Empire: The Brief Details
a. Features of The Byzantine Empire
1. Inhabitants spoke Greek
2. Inhabitants practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity
3. Middle East-influenced culture
b. Byzantine emperors were all powerful
c. Justinian's Rule
1. Reigned from 527-565 c.e.
2. Justinian supported the arts and sciences
d. The Great Schism
1. Disagreements
a. Communion
b. Marriage rights of priests
c. Church sermon language (local or Latin)
d. Icon placement during worship
2. The Actual Schism
a. Roman Catholic Pope excommunicated Greek religious leader, he did the same
b. Ocurred in 1054 c.e.
c. Eastern Orthodoxism influenced in Southeast Europe
2. Impact of Orthodoxy on Russia: Feast In The East
a. Slavs and Russians converted to Orthodoxism by St. Cyril
b. Vladimir (prince of Kiev) converted to Orthodoxy
c. Russia differs from Europe because
1. Russia aligned with Byzantine Empire
2. Catholics reformed, Russia and Byzantines did not
3. Mongols invaded Russia
3. Meanwhile out West: The Franks versus the Muslims
a. One Germanic tribe rose to Famedom, the Franks
b. Leader King Clovis built an empire from Germany to Belgium
c. Clovis died, splitting the empire, which failed afterward
d. Later leader Charles Martel stopped Muslim advance into Europe, established Carolingian Dynasty
4. Charlemagne: The empire Strikes Back
a. Charles, grandson of Charles Martel, built a large empire known as Holy Roman Empire
b. Nothing like Roman Empire except for the language of Latin
c. Arts and Education supported by Charlemagne
d. After death, empire split into three sections
5. The Vikings: Raiders From The Norse
a. Places of Orgin
1. Vikings came from Scandinavia
2. Magyars from Hungary
3. Farmers and fishermen were main occupations
b. Tactics
1. Vikings used lightning raids to steal supplies
2. Light, maneuverable boats were used
3. Common raid locations were
a. Catholic monastaries
b. Common villages
c. Viking Settlements
1. Newfoundland, Canada
2. Inland Russia
3. Northern France
4. Advances into Constantinople
d. vikings eventually converted to Christianity
6. European Feudalism: Land divided
a. The Pecking Order
1. King had power over territory
2. Nobles beneath king gave king military defense and loyalty
3. Vassals given land by nobles, they subdivided land to other vassals or peasants
4. In order for system to work, everyone had to fulfill their obligations
b. Manor Life
1. Many peasants farmed with the three rotating field system
2. Manors were often self-sufficient
3. Peasants lived on small plots of land
4. Peasants only kept one third of their harvest
c. Proper Behavior
1. Lords and Nobles followed the honor promoting the Code Of Chivalry
2. Knights practiced the Code of Chivalry itself in and out of battle
3. Male dominated society
a. Primogeniture practiced (Firstborn son inherits everything)
b. Women educated little, treated as property
c. Women could inherit, but not control fiefs
4. Peasants (serfs) were pretty much slaves
5. Some serfs became skilled craftsmen or workers
6. Skilled workers fueled the growth of Middle Class
7. Height of The Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading
a. Merchants gain power
1. Towns chartered on feudal lords' lands by merchants
2. Merchants gained monetary and political power
3. Towns formed alliances, major one was trade oriented Hanseatic League
4. Nationhood promoted flexibility among classes
b. Architecture and Art
1. Great Catholic churches built in Gothic Style
a. Believed to draw Churchgoers closer to God
b. Cathedrals expensive to build
c. Churches were centers of art
2. Music popular, too
a. Gregorian chant
b. Stringed instruments
c. Crusaders and Christianity
1. The Crusades
a. Crusades launched to:
1. Take back Holy Land
2. Stop Muslim advance
3. convert people
2. The Effect
a. Europeans started to interact with Muslims
b. Europeans began to question Church
c. Scholasticism arose, threatening the Church
1. Universities being founded
2. Past being rediscovered
d. Heretics threatened Church as well
1. Angered by Church's wealth and power
2. They wanted a resimplified church
3. The Inquisition
1. Church doctrine in question
a. Started by Pope Innocent III
b. Originally intended to issue decrees on church doctrine
c. Heretics and Jews persecuted, tortured, excommunicated by Church
2. Thomas Aquinas
a. Wrote Summa Theologica, summary of Catholic Faith
b. His views were:
1. Faith and reason could coexist
2. Both considered gifts from God
8. The Emergence of Nation States: Power Solidifies
A. Germany
1. Decentralized
2. Strong Trade and Commerce
3. Numerous Townships and kingdoms
4. Home of the Hanseatic League
B. England
1. Centralized under one kingdom since 1066
2. Under King John, Magna Carta created
3. Magna Carta, basis of Parliament
a. House of Lords
b. House of Commons
C. France
1. In 987, King Hugh Capet ruled area around Paris
2. Subsequent kings built on his area
3. France invaded by England, starting Hundred Years War
4. France routed British, later Bourbon kings further strengthened France
D. Spain
1. Queen Isabella married King Ferdinand
a. The marriage united most of peninsula under Catholic Rule
b. Monarchy and Spain flourished
c. Non Christians
1. Forced to leave Spain
2. Or forced to convert
2. Urbanization starting to grow
9. What about Russia?
a. In 1242, Russia succumbed to The Tatars
b. 200 years later, Russian Princes overthrew the Tatars
c. Prince Ivan III declared himself czar, ruled ruthlessly
C. Developments in Asia
1. China and nearby regions
a. T'ang-618-907 c.e.
b. Song-960-1279
c. Ming-1368-1644
2. A quick Review of the Rise and Fall and Rise and Fall and Rise
a. T'ang dynasty
1. Famous for day to day life poetry
2. Along with the Song, T'ang were accomplished in:
a. Art
b. Architecture
c. Science
d. Philosophy
e. Silk manufacture
f. Much more
3. Military conquest grew empire, tribute system used
b. The Song Dynasty
2. England
a. King Henry VIII did not make a son as hr wanted, his daughter Elizabeth took the throne
b. Under Elizabeth’s rule, Golden Age was experienced in trade and art.
c. James’s rule
1. King James tried to institute reform over Catholics and Calvinists
2. Calvinists (Puritans) did not like his rule, sailed across to America at Plymouth Rock
d. Charles I Rule
1. Long Parliament sat for twenty years
2. Puritans leading the Parliament denied his request to fight Irish Rebellion
3. Charles I arrested some, and civil war ensued
4. Parliament’s army one, installing Oliver Cromwell into power, killing Charles I
e. James II Rule
1. Very unpopular because of his Catholicism, was driven out in Glorious Revolution
2. Was replaced by King William and Queen Mary, signed the English Bill of Rights
3. France
a. After Hundred Years’ War, Edict of Nantes brought an end to violence between Catholics and Huguenots
b. King Louis XIV’s Rule
1. Believed he was divine
2. Had grand art made that glorified France
3. Revoked the Edict of Nantes, causing Huguenots to leave
4. King Louis’s troops were always at war over sea
c. The War of Spanish Succession
1. One of Louis XIV’s grandsons inherited the Spanish throne
2. Perceiving Spain as a threat, England, the H.R.E, and German princes attacked
3. France had to give up much land to the British, and did not combine with Spain
4.German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire, Sort Of)
a. Holy Roman Empire lost land to the Ottoman Turks in 1648
b. Thirty Years War
1. Devastated region
2. Holy Roman Emperors weakened
3. In the early 19th century, H.R.E. remnants became city-states
c. By 1700s, northern German city-states (Especially Prussia) were gaining power
B. Russia Out of Isolation
1. Ivan III And His Son: Twin Terrors
a. Ivan III and his son, Ivan IV rebelled against the Tatars and ousted them
b. Two continued, uniting and recovering all of Russia through peasant soldiers (Cossacks)
2. Ivan IV’s Rule
a. Ivan IV eliminated any threat to his power, even his son
b. Declared himself czar in Moscow
3. Time of Troubles
a. Began after Ivan IV’s death
b. lasted from 1603-1614, many fake leaders ruled and were murdered
c. Michael Romanov elected czar by feudal lords, began the Romanov dynasty
d. Cossacks expanded the empire further to Ukraine and Manchuria
4. Peter the Great
a. Westernized Russia with
1. The creation of the Russian Navy
2. The influx of European scientists and artists
b. Peter moved the capital to St. Petersburg
5. Catherine The Great
a. Catherine oppressed serfs constantly
b. She expanded the empire into Poland and Black Sea area
No comments:
Post a Comment