Saudi Gazette- http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008112022501
In this article, Muhammad al-Selmi talks about how women now have the right to work as government employed expeditors, a previously male only job. Expeditors manage the paperwork that go between the government and common people.
Thursday, November 20, 2008
Monday, October 6, 2008
10/6/08 News Articles: US Backed Sunni Militia
AZZAMAN News- 9/16/08 - In this article about a recently formed US sponsered Sunni militia, Farah al-Shamari (the author) proclaimed that US backed Sunni militias are operating and doing well. The reason? The US is supplying money as well as intelligence. The "awakened" militas have done their job efficiently, and brutally. However, Shiite government officials have jailed some insurgent leaders, and are delaying the installment of a 100,000 strong miltia force in the regular army. Al Qaeda is angered at the Sunni militias and has responded to them with car bombings in Sunni neighborhoods.
Through these excerpts of Farah's writings, I hope to show that he has shown some support for the employed militias.
"Iraqi government which has always viewed their (Sunni militants) training and funding as a threat to it's existence."- The Sunnis are tough.
"Dropped their armed struggle and joined US forces in the fight against terrorism."- Weren't the Sunnis once terrorists? They're good guys now.
"To these Sunni tribal fighters the government and the U.S. owe most of the relative quiet which the country enjoys now."- There's some praise! This is my best point.
10/22/08
http://www.menewsline.com/article-1159,1743-Israel-Air-Force-Prepares-For-Mas.aspx
Israel prepares for a massive rocket attack.
Through these excerpts of Farah's writings, I hope to show that he has shown some support for the employed militias.
"Iraqi government which has always viewed their (Sunni militants) training and funding as a threat to it's existence."- The Sunnis are tough.
"Dropped their armed struggle and joined US forces in the fight against terrorism."- Weren't the Sunnis once terrorists? They're good guys now.
"To these Sunni tribal fighters the government and the U.S. owe most of the relative quiet which the country enjoys now."- There's some praise! This is my best point.
10/22/08
http://www.menewsline.com/article-1159,1743-Israel-Air-Force-Prepares-For-Mas.aspx
Israel prepares for a massive rocket attack.
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
Not So Old Stuff: Sometime Around 1750-1914
I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay Focused On The Big Picture
1. How are the events of this time interconnected?
2. Why did nationalism grow so much in this period?
3. How and why do political, social, etc. changes occur?
4. How did the environment impact industrial and economic development?
III. Industry and Imperialism
A. The Industrial Revolution
1. Agriculture Revolution Part II
a. Agricultural output increased in the eighteenth century due to new technologies
1. Field Rotation
2. New crops from the New World to Europe
b. Fertilizers invented
2. The Effect
a. Fewer people did more work with new plows and reapers
b. Jobless People moved to cities, boosting manufacturing
2. Technological Innovations: The Little Engine That Could
a. Domestic system created
1. Middlemen gave wool or cotton to women who would make cloth from it
2. Middlemen would go out and sell the cloth
b. Inventions change everything for Middlemen
1. Eli Whitney's cotton gin
2. Weaving advances
3. Both led to women being cut out and mills replacing them
3. But Wait, There's More!
a. Communcative advances
1. Telegraph
2. Telephone (enabled one to talk to another directly miles away)
3. The light bulb
4. The Internal Combustion engine
5. The Radio
6. The Airplane (travel was dangerous, but fast)
b. Scientific advances were made, like the discovery of x-rays and pasteurization
4. The Factory System: An Inefficient Monster
a. Workers and their job
1. Workers as young as six worked for 16 hours
2. Worker pay was minimal
3. Working conditions were dangerous
b. The Efficient Side
1. Interchangeable parts were created for products
2. The assembly line made product assembly faster
3. Many people were given jobs
5. New Economic and Social Philosophies: No Shortage of Opinions
a. New social classes
1. Aristocrats (wealthy factory beneficiaries)
2. Middle Class working professionals like lawyers
3. Peasants in and outside of the city
b. Adam Smith Versus Karl Marx
1. Adam Smith promoted
a. Private enterprise ownership
b. Capitalism, a free market system
2. Karl Marx promoted
a. That Capitalism led to the exploitation of factory workers
b. Peasants would eventually rebel and take the means of production
c. Karl believed that the governments and businesses allied against the peasants
d. His ideas were the base of Socialism and Communism
c. Reforms were made in Britain and America
d. The Soviet Union liked Marxism and made Marx's theory come true
6. Capitalism and Enlightenment combine: Reform Catches On
a. In Britain,
1. Slave trade was abolished in 1807
2. Factory Act of 1883 was initiated
3. Social mobility (advancing in class) became commonplace
b. In America as well,
1. Women returned to the home
2. Suffragists became active
3. Life's hardships still common in many other places
7. In Search Of Natural Resources: Stealing is Cheaper Than Dealing
a. Europeans raped their colonists of supplies for European factories
b. In turn, the Europeans forced their colonists to buy European products
8. The European Justification: Superiority Is a Heavy Burden
a. Many Europeans did not care about colonists, considering them Barbarians
b. Ye Hippocrites!
1. Many Europeans viewed themselves as civilized, even though not
2. They tried to spread their civility to the colonist "devils"
B. European Imperialism in India
1. The Fight for India
a. Internally weakened and chaotic India up for grabs
b. Britain and France wanted India, and fought for it
c. The French lost
d. British East India Company's rule
1. BIEC troops secured India
2. Established Administrative Regions throughout the area
3. Expanded into Pakistan and Afghanistan
2. The Sepoy Mutiny: Too Little, Too Late
a. Sepoy Indians worked for the British, rebelled when they discovered their faith had been violated
b. Mutiny failed miserably
c. Queen Victoria recognized as empress of India
3. Full-Blown British colonialism: England on the Indus
a. Ruling British Anglocized the upper castes
b. Urbanization spread
c. Upper castes gained influence, began to think of independence
d. Indian National Congress established in the mid 1800s
C. European Imperialism in China
1. The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers Force Their Right To Deal
a. In 1838, Opium across China was banned
b. Britain, infuriated, engaged the Chinese
1. Two Opium Wars were fought
2. Britain won both
3. Britain foced China for more trading opportunities
4. Britain also took possession of Hong Kong
2. The Word Is Out: China Is Crumbling
a. White Lotus Rebellion of Buddhists started because of anger over government corruption and taxes
b. Taiping Rebellion sought to destroy the Manchu government, and failed
c. From the 1860s-90s, China lost many territories and wars
d. European governments casrved out pieces of China for themsleves
3. The Boxer Rebellion: Knocked Out in the First Round
a. Anti Western and anti Manchu group, The Society of Right and Harmonious Fists
b. Used guerrilla tactics and murdered Christians, but eventuallu beaten
c. China forced to pay reparations
D. Japanese imperialism
1. In 16th and 17th centuries, Japan was an ethnocentric society
2. In 1853, everything changed
a. American Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan in an advanced steamboat
b. Japanese realized they were outdated
c. The Shogun promoted trade with America
d. Nationalists became angry, revolted, and restored Emperor Meiji to power
3. The Meiji Restoration: Shogun Out, Emperor In, Westerners Out
a. Japan modernized in own way, building ships and railroads
b. All males required to serve in the military
c. In 1890, quickly industrialized Japan rose in power
d. 1895-1904
1. Japan beat China in war, taking Korea and Taiwan
2. In 1904, Japan secured Manchuria and spread their influence
E. European Imperialism In Africa
1. Summary
a. Prior to Industrial Revolution, Africa held little interest to Europeans
b. Slaves were "all Africa was good for"
2. The Slave Trade Finally Ends
a. In early 1800s, many Europeans abolished slavery
b. A grandfather clause kept living slaves and descendents, however
c. As slave trade ended, Africa itself began to be exploited
3. South Africa: Gold Rings, a Diamond Necklace, and a British Crown
a. South Africa originally a Dutch trading, military post
b. British troops conquered it
c. British Rule and the Effects
1. Dutch Boers trekked north, discovered gold
2. Britain angered, sent the military to crush the Boers
3. Boers defeated
4. Britain annexed the land, forcing Africans to mine it
5. South Africa eventually self-ruled under Britain by whites
6. Educated black South Africans formed the African National Congress to oppose white apartheid
4. Egypt: A New waterway makes a Splash
a. In 1805, Egypt "freed" itself from Ottoman rule in a Muhammed Ali headed rebellion
1. Industrialized Egypt
2. Beat French advance, too
b. Subsequent rulers
1. Worked with French to build Suez Canal
2. Need: An expedited voyage from Europe to India
3. Government leaders overspent, forced to sell Suez stocks to the British
4. French were driven out, going to other parts of North Africa, like the Italians
5. The Berlin Conference: Carving Up The Continent
a. In 1884, Berlin Conference engaged, set rules of colonializing Africa
b. Countries made a mad dash for territory
c. In 30 years, nearly all of Africa was colonized by Europe
d. Tribal Boundaries and cultures clashed under rule, or were torn apart
e. Westernizing Africa
1. Europeans added western business practices
2. European Schools
3. Christian missionaries
4. To Africa, destroying the cultures of Africa
VI. Political Developments In The Americas And Europe
A. Two Revolutions: American And French
1. The American Revolution
a. The French and Indian War
1. Britain beat French troops and Indians near Colonial territory, pushing the French back
2. War was expensive, and British rulers imposed taxes on Americans to pay the price
b. The Colonists- Rebel?
1. Infuriated by taxes, American patriots ambushed the British at Lexington and Concord in 1775
2. Some colonists opposed and questioned the revolution
3. Thomas Paine's Common Sense pamphlet supported and promoted rebellion, succeeded
c. The War Itself
1. The American patriots lost many battles until French intervention
2. After French intervention, Britain forces forced to surrender at Yorktown
3. A constitution and bill of rights created and ratified, the U.S. now a democracy
2. The French Revolution
a. Summary
1. Because of France's poor financial position, King Louis XVI called a meeting, Estates General
2. Reason for meeting was to get support from other leaders to raise taxes
b. The Estates General: Generally a Mess
1. French Society: The Three Classes
a. First Estate-Clergy
b. Second Estate-Noble families
c. Third Estate-Peasant farmers and middle class
2. Frustrated by not being able to participate in new constitution, Third Estate became National Assembly, rebelled in 1789
3. National Assembly soon created a document based off
a. Enlightenment
b. American Constitution
4. National Assembly removed King Louis XVI and created France as a nation-state
c. A New Constitution Causes Consternation
1. Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, had Austrians and Prussians invade France, only to fail
2. Continuing unrest lead to the creation of ruling body, the Convention
3. A republic was set up, and the king was killed
d. The Reign of Terror: The Hard-Fought Constitution Gets Tossed Aside
1. The Convention created the Committee of Safety, a brutal secret police force
2. Anarchy was controlled, but many were killed
3. Committee of Safety Leader Maximilien Robespierre beheaded
4. New constitution written in 1795, five man governing body the Directory lead France
e. Napolean: Big Things Come In Small Packages
1. Star military general Napolean Bonaparte overthrew the Directory in 1799
2. After legitimizing his rule with popular vote, became First Consul and wrote new constitution
3. Napolean made some reforms
a. Agriculture
b. Infrastructure
c. Public Education
d. Church Relations
4. All citizens considered equals
5. Napolean's Imperial Rise and Fall
a. Napolean expanded the French Empire from Portugal to Prussia
b. Napolean became greedy and attacked Russia, losing the battle and most of his army
c. Napolean went into exile
d. Overthrowers of Napolean's empire met in Vienna, quarreled, united after hearing of Napolean's final offensive
e. Napolean was beaten, put into exile, and died long after
6. The Congress of Vienna: Pencils and Erasers at Work
a. France put back to pre-Napoleanic size
b. France not punished
c. New kingdoms established or reinstated throughout Europe
d. Main idea was to erase Napolean from history and restore royal order
B. Lots of Independence Movements: Latin America
1. Summary
a. Latin Americans inspired by the American and French Revolutions
b. They took advantage of a chaotic Europe and Rebelled
2. Haiti: Slave Revolt Sends France a Jolt
a. Thousands of slaves under freed slave Pierre Toussant L-'Ouverture rebelled in 1801
b. A violent, but successful revolt drove French reinforcing troops out
c. With first leader in prison Jacques Dessalines proclaimed
1. Haiti a free republic in 1804
2. Himself governor-general for life
3. South America: Visions of Grandeur
a. Revolution for Venezuela led by Simon Bolivar
b. Simon established a national congress and defeated Loyalists of Spain
c. Argentinian general Jose de San Martin rebelled against Spain, linking up with Simon Bolivar, making a nearly entirely free South America
4. Brazil: Power To The Pedros
a. After Napolean's invasion of Portugal, Portugese king John VI fled to Brazil
b. When Napolean was defeated, King John VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro in charge of Brazil
c. Pedro soon declared Brazil independent, and himself emperor of it; Pedro II ruled soon after
d. Abolished Slavery
5. Mexico: A Tale of Two Priests
a. In 1810, Creole Priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule, but was killed
b. Another, Jose Morelos continued the revolt and failed, being killed by rich land owners
c. In 1821, Treaty of Cordoba signed, making Mexico and soon after the rest of Central America independent
6. The Effects of The Independence Movements: More Independence Than Freedom
C. Two Unifications: Italy and Germany
1. The Unification of Italy: Italians Give Foreign occupiers The Boot
a. In mid 1800s, Italy divided into kingdoms owned by Austria and Italian kingdoms
b. From 1849-1870, multiple wars lead by Italian nationalists ousted the Austrian presence throughout Italy
c. Italy had hard time uniting because of centuries of separation, but grew powerful
2. The Unification of Germany: All About Otto
3. U.S. Foreign Policy: This Hemisphere is Our Hemisphere
a. Monroe Doctrine prevented European powers from colonization in the Americas
b. If dispute between Europeans and Americans arose, U.S. would intervene
c. Some resented this
d. U.S. incited Panamanians to declare independence, so Panama Canal could be built
e. In 1898, Spanish forces were defeated in Cuba by Americans, declaring Cuba independent
V. Technology and Intellectual Developments
A. Many Railroads and Trains, as well as steam vehicles were used to expedite delivery or travel
B. New Entertainment and Art Arose
1. Department store chains created
2. Modernism, became new painting and sculpture art, spawned cubism, Surrealism
C. Cultures Intertwine
1. Japanese writers and artists fused western inspirations into their art
2. Trading and Empires, as always spread culture, even faster now
D. Mass Production of Horrific Weapons allowed for much destruction on battlefields
VI. Changes And Continuities In The Role of Women
A. European Women And Others
1. Women held many high political positions
2. Women still second in society
3. With interracial and intercultural marriage more common, social status changed
B. African Women
1. With African male migrations, many african women were left unmarried
2. Some old or widowed women viewed in a superstitious or respectful light
3. Education and opportunites for girls still limited throughout world
VII. Pulling It All Together
A. Revolution!
1. Mutiple Revolutions
a. Commercial (Industrial)
b. American
c. French
d. Scientific
2. Multiple Reformations
a. Protestant
b. Enlightenment
c. The Renaissance
B. Europe Goes Everywhere
1. European countries explored the world and their past
2. European colonial rule was organized and ethnocentric, unlike Europe itself
3. With so much technological and cultural changes, Europe was a divided and chaotic place
4. Non-European Cultures: Response To The West
a. China and Japan were powerful and influential, keeping European cultures largely out
b. Africa was unorganized, leaving Europeans an easy way to trade and stay there
c. Other cultures like the Americas were either decimated, or trade was more limited, not so militaristic
5. The Change of The lobal Economy
a. Mercantilism tied together political and economic developments
b. With joint-stock companies established, the masses could participate in business and economy
c. With more freedom for everymen, governments began to lose their grip on their economies
II. Stay Focused On The Big Picture
1. How are the events of this time interconnected?
2. Why did nationalism grow so much in this period?
3. How and why do political, social, etc. changes occur?
4. How did the environment impact industrial and economic development?
III. Industry and Imperialism
A. The Industrial Revolution
1. Agriculture Revolution Part II
a. Agricultural output increased in the eighteenth century due to new technologies
1. Field Rotation
2. New crops from the New World to Europe
b. Fertilizers invented
2. The Effect
a. Fewer people did more work with new plows and reapers
b. Jobless People moved to cities, boosting manufacturing
2. Technological Innovations: The Little Engine That Could
a. Domestic system created
1. Middlemen gave wool or cotton to women who would make cloth from it
2. Middlemen would go out and sell the cloth
b. Inventions change everything for Middlemen
1. Eli Whitney's cotton gin
2. Weaving advances
3. Both led to women being cut out and mills replacing them
3. But Wait, There's More!
a. Communcative advances
1. Telegraph
2. Telephone (enabled one to talk to another directly miles away)
3. The light bulb
4. The Internal Combustion engine
5. The Radio
6. The Airplane (travel was dangerous, but fast)
b. Scientific advances were made, like the discovery of x-rays and pasteurization
4. The Factory System: An Inefficient Monster
a. Workers and their job
1. Workers as young as six worked for 16 hours
2. Worker pay was minimal
3. Working conditions were dangerous
b. The Efficient Side
1. Interchangeable parts were created for products
2. The assembly line made product assembly faster
3. Many people were given jobs
5. New Economic and Social Philosophies: No Shortage of Opinions
a. New social classes
1. Aristocrats (wealthy factory beneficiaries)
2. Middle Class working professionals like lawyers
3. Peasants in and outside of the city
b. Adam Smith Versus Karl Marx
1. Adam Smith promoted
a. Private enterprise ownership
b. Capitalism, a free market system
2. Karl Marx promoted
a. That Capitalism led to the exploitation of factory workers
b. Peasants would eventually rebel and take the means of production
c. Karl believed that the governments and businesses allied against the peasants
d. His ideas were the base of Socialism and Communism
c. Reforms were made in Britain and America
d. The Soviet Union liked Marxism and made Marx's theory come true
6. Capitalism and Enlightenment combine: Reform Catches On
a. In Britain,
1. Slave trade was abolished in 1807
2. Factory Act of 1883 was initiated
3. Social mobility (advancing in class) became commonplace
b. In America as well,
1. Women returned to the home
2. Suffragists became active
3. Life's hardships still common in many other places
7. In Search Of Natural Resources: Stealing is Cheaper Than Dealing
a. Europeans raped their colonists of supplies for European factories
b. In turn, the Europeans forced their colonists to buy European products
8. The European Justification: Superiority Is a Heavy Burden
a. Many Europeans did not care about colonists, considering them Barbarians
b. Ye Hippocrites!
1. Many Europeans viewed themselves as civilized, even though not
2. They tried to spread their civility to the colonist "devils"
B. European Imperialism in India
1. The Fight for India
a. Internally weakened and chaotic India up for grabs
b. Britain and France wanted India, and fought for it
c. The French lost
d. British East India Company's rule
1. BIEC troops secured India
2. Established Administrative Regions throughout the area
3. Expanded into Pakistan and Afghanistan
2. The Sepoy Mutiny: Too Little, Too Late
a. Sepoy Indians worked for the British, rebelled when they discovered their faith had been violated
b. Mutiny failed miserably
c. Queen Victoria recognized as empress of India
3. Full-Blown British colonialism: England on the Indus
a. Ruling British Anglocized the upper castes
b. Urbanization spread
c. Upper castes gained influence, began to think of independence
d. Indian National Congress established in the mid 1800s
C. European Imperialism in China
1. The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers Force Their Right To Deal
a. In 1838, Opium across China was banned
b. Britain, infuriated, engaged the Chinese
1. Two Opium Wars were fought
2. Britain won both
3. Britain foced China for more trading opportunities
4. Britain also took possession of Hong Kong
2. The Word Is Out: China Is Crumbling
a. White Lotus Rebellion of Buddhists started because of anger over government corruption and taxes
b. Taiping Rebellion sought to destroy the Manchu government, and failed
c. From the 1860s-90s, China lost many territories and wars
d. European governments casrved out pieces of China for themsleves
3. The Boxer Rebellion: Knocked Out in the First Round
a. Anti Western and anti Manchu group, The Society of Right and Harmonious Fists
b. Used guerrilla tactics and murdered Christians, but eventuallu beaten
c. China forced to pay reparations
D. Japanese imperialism
1. In 16th and 17th centuries, Japan was an ethnocentric society
2. In 1853, everything changed
a. American Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan in an advanced steamboat
b. Japanese realized they were outdated
c. The Shogun promoted trade with America
d. Nationalists became angry, revolted, and restored Emperor Meiji to power
3. The Meiji Restoration: Shogun Out, Emperor In, Westerners Out
a. Japan modernized in own way, building ships and railroads
b. All males required to serve in the military
c. In 1890, quickly industrialized Japan rose in power
d. 1895-1904
1. Japan beat China in war, taking Korea and Taiwan
2. In 1904, Japan secured Manchuria and spread their influence
E. European Imperialism In Africa
1. Summary
a. Prior to Industrial Revolution, Africa held little interest to Europeans
b. Slaves were "all Africa was good for"
2. The Slave Trade Finally Ends
a. In early 1800s, many Europeans abolished slavery
b. A grandfather clause kept living slaves and descendents, however
c. As slave trade ended, Africa itself began to be exploited
3. South Africa: Gold Rings, a Diamond Necklace, and a British Crown
a. South Africa originally a Dutch trading, military post
b. British troops conquered it
c. British Rule and the Effects
1. Dutch Boers trekked north, discovered gold
2. Britain angered, sent the military to crush the Boers
3. Boers defeated
4. Britain annexed the land, forcing Africans to mine it
5. South Africa eventually self-ruled under Britain by whites
6. Educated black South Africans formed the African National Congress to oppose white apartheid
4. Egypt: A New waterway makes a Splash
a. In 1805, Egypt "freed" itself from Ottoman rule in a Muhammed Ali headed rebellion
1. Industrialized Egypt
2. Beat French advance, too
b. Subsequent rulers
1. Worked with French to build Suez Canal
2. Need: An expedited voyage from Europe to India
3. Government leaders overspent, forced to sell Suez stocks to the British
4. French were driven out, going to other parts of North Africa, like the Italians
5. The Berlin Conference: Carving Up The Continent
a. In 1884, Berlin Conference engaged, set rules of colonializing Africa
b. Countries made a mad dash for territory
c. In 30 years, nearly all of Africa was colonized by Europe
d. Tribal Boundaries and cultures clashed under rule, or were torn apart
e. Westernizing Africa
1. Europeans added western business practices
2. European Schools
3. Christian missionaries
4. To Africa, destroying the cultures of Africa
VI. Political Developments In The Americas And Europe
A. Two Revolutions: American And French
1. The American Revolution
a. The French and Indian War
1. Britain beat French troops and Indians near Colonial territory, pushing the French back
2. War was expensive, and British rulers imposed taxes on Americans to pay the price
b. The Colonists- Rebel?
1. Infuriated by taxes, American patriots ambushed the British at Lexington and Concord in 1775
2. Some colonists opposed and questioned the revolution
3. Thomas Paine's Common Sense pamphlet supported and promoted rebellion, succeeded
c. The War Itself
1. The American patriots lost many battles until French intervention
2. After French intervention, Britain forces forced to surrender at Yorktown
3. A constitution and bill of rights created and ratified, the U.S. now a democracy
2. The French Revolution
a. Summary
1. Because of France's poor financial position, King Louis XVI called a meeting, Estates General
2. Reason for meeting was to get support from other leaders to raise taxes
b. The Estates General: Generally a Mess
1. French Society: The Three Classes
a. First Estate-Clergy
b. Second Estate-Noble families
c. Third Estate-Peasant farmers and middle class
2. Frustrated by not being able to participate in new constitution, Third Estate became National Assembly, rebelled in 1789
3. National Assembly soon created a document based off
a. Enlightenment
b. American Constitution
4. National Assembly removed King Louis XVI and created France as a nation-state
c. A New Constitution Causes Consternation
1. Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, had Austrians and Prussians invade France, only to fail
2. Continuing unrest lead to the creation of ruling body, the Convention
3. A republic was set up, and the king was killed
d. The Reign of Terror: The Hard-Fought Constitution Gets Tossed Aside
1. The Convention created the Committee of Safety, a brutal secret police force
2. Anarchy was controlled, but many were killed
3. Committee of Safety Leader Maximilien Robespierre beheaded
4. New constitution written in 1795, five man governing body the Directory lead France
e. Napolean: Big Things Come In Small Packages
1. Star military general Napolean Bonaparte overthrew the Directory in 1799
2. After legitimizing his rule with popular vote, became First Consul and wrote new constitution
3. Napolean made some reforms
a. Agriculture
b. Infrastructure
c. Public Education
d. Church Relations
4. All citizens considered equals
5. Napolean's Imperial Rise and Fall
a. Napolean expanded the French Empire from Portugal to Prussia
b. Napolean became greedy and attacked Russia, losing the battle and most of his army
c. Napolean went into exile
d. Overthrowers of Napolean's empire met in Vienna, quarreled, united after hearing of Napolean's final offensive
e. Napolean was beaten, put into exile, and died long after
6. The Congress of Vienna: Pencils and Erasers at Work
a. France put back to pre-Napoleanic size
b. France not punished
c. New kingdoms established or reinstated throughout Europe
d. Main idea was to erase Napolean from history and restore royal order
B. Lots of Independence Movements: Latin America
1. Summary
a. Latin Americans inspired by the American and French Revolutions
b. They took advantage of a chaotic Europe and Rebelled
2. Haiti: Slave Revolt Sends France a Jolt
a. Thousands of slaves under freed slave Pierre Toussant L-'Ouverture rebelled in 1801
b. A violent, but successful revolt drove French reinforcing troops out
c. With first leader in prison Jacques Dessalines proclaimed
1. Haiti a free republic in 1804
2. Himself governor-general for life
3. South America: Visions of Grandeur
a. Revolution for Venezuela led by Simon Bolivar
b. Simon established a national congress and defeated Loyalists of Spain
c. Argentinian general Jose de San Martin rebelled against Spain, linking up with Simon Bolivar, making a nearly entirely free South America
4. Brazil: Power To The Pedros
a. After Napolean's invasion of Portugal, Portugese king John VI fled to Brazil
b. When Napolean was defeated, King John VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro in charge of Brazil
c. Pedro soon declared Brazil independent, and himself emperor of it; Pedro II ruled soon after
d. Abolished Slavery
5. Mexico: A Tale of Two Priests
a. In 1810, Creole Priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule, but was killed
b. Another, Jose Morelos continued the revolt and failed, being killed by rich land owners
c. In 1821, Treaty of Cordoba signed, making Mexico and soon after the rest of Central America independent
6. The Effects of The Independence Movements: More Independence Than Freedom
a. Many countries continued European practices and relied on their economies
b. Catholic Church preserved European slave ideas
c. Enlightenment did not spread there
C. Two Unifications: Italy and Germany
1. The Unification of Italy: Italians Give Foreign occupiers The Boot
a. In mid 1800s, Italy divided into kingdoms owned by Austria and Italian kingdoms
b. From 1849-1870, multiple wars lead by Italian nationalists ousted the Austrian presence throughout Italy
c. Italy had hard time uniting because of centuries of separation, but grew powerful
2. The Unification of Germany: All About Otto
3. Provoked France into war and won
4. More principalities won
e. Emperor William I ruled new empire, but was not liked by socialists
f. William II stepped up and
1. Pursued colonial ambitions
2. Industrialized more
3. became a world power
D. Other Political Developments
1.Russia: Life with Czars
a. Czars at first had absolute power over the serf population, and used it brutally
b. Reforms were made for serfs over time, but slower than the west
c. In mid 1800s, a middle class began to appear
d. Feeling threatened, Alexander III instituted Russification, killing many non complaints
e. Factory output was expected to increase from peasants, even though factories were still dangerous
f. Nicholas II (1894-1917) created Russian representative body, the Duma, but disbanded it when he could have used it
2. The Ottoman Empire: Are They Still Calling It an Empire?
a. Ottoman empire weakened in 17th and 18th centuries
b. Many of Its countries freed themselves, worrying Britain and France of Russian expansion
c. Britain and France defended The Ottoman Empire's borders to prevent Russian invasion
d. Britain colonized more in Egypt
3. U.S. Foreign Policy: This Hemisphere is Our Hemisphere
a. Monroe Doctrine prevented European powers from colonization in the Americas
b. If dispute between Europeans and Americans arose, U.S. would intervene
c. Some resented this
d. U.S. incited Panamanians to declare independence, so Panama Canal could be built
e. In 1898, Spanish forces were defeated in Cuba by Americans, declaring Cuba independent
V. Technology and Intellectual Developments
A. Many Railroads and Trains, as well as steam vehicles were used to expedite delivery or travel
B. New Entertainment and Art Arose
1. Department store chains created
2. Modernism, became new painting and sculpture art, spawned cubism, Surrealism
C. Cultures Intertwine
1. Japanese writers and artists fused western inspirations into their art
2. Trading and Empires, as always spread culture, even faster now
D. Mass Production of Horrific Weapons allowed for much destruction on battlefields
VI. Changes And Continuities In The Role of Women
A. European Women And Others
1. Women held many high political positions
2. Women still second in society
3. With interracial and intercultural marriage more common, social status changed
B. African Women
1. With African male migrations, many african women were left unmarried
2. Some old or widowed women viewed in a superstitious or respectful light
3. Education and opportunites for girls still limited throughout world
VII. Pulling It All Together
A. Revolution!
1. Mutiple Revolutions
a. Commercial (Industrial)
b. American
c. French
d. Scientific
2. Multiple Reformations
a. Protestant
b. Enlightenment
c. The Renaissance
B. Europe Goes Everywhere
1. European countries explored the world and their past
2. European colonial rule was organized and ethnocentric, unlike Europe itself
3. With so much technological and cultural changes, Europe was a divided and chaotic place
4. Non-European Cultures: Response To The West
a. China and Japan were powerful and influential, keeping European cultures largely out
b. Africa was unorganized, leaving Europeans an easy way to trade and stay there
c. Other cultures like the Americas were either decimated, or trade was more limited, not so militaristic
5. The Change of The lobal Economy
a. Mercantilism tied together political and economic developments
b. With joint-stock companies established, the masses could participate in business and economy
c. With more freedom for everymen, governments began to lose their grip on their economies
Sunday, August 24, 2008
Recent Stuff: Around 1914 to The Present
I. Chapter Overview
II. Stay Focused on the Big picture
1. Observe impact of nationalism and self determination
2. Show how world cultures are converging
3. Observe impact of population, resource use on the environment
III. The Twentieth Century in Chunks
A. The World War I Era
1. Because of European colonizing, many around the world tied into European affairs
2. Nationalism and building up of militaries infected Europe, drawing world closer to war
3. Shifting Alliances: A prewar Tally of European Countries
a. Germany formed alliance with
1. Austria-Hungary
2. Italy
3. Russia
b. New ruler of Germany soured relations with Russia
c. Russia formed new alliance with France, friendly with Britain
4. Trouble in the Balkans: Europe in a Tizzy
a. Ottoman empire on the decline
b. Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina
c. Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia, chain reaction follows
d. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed Central Powers
e. 40 countries went total war, millions died in 4 years
f. Women working in factories fought for suffrage
g. Central Powers capitulated in 1918
5. The Treaty of Versailles: Make the Germans cry
a. Germany was scapegoat of the war
b. Germany forced to:
1. Release territory
2. pay war reparations
3. downsize military
c. President Wilson's more fair 14 points unpopular
d. German resentment of victors fostered home for Hitler's ideals
6. The League of Nations: Can't We all just get along?
a. Mentioned under Wilson's Fourteen Points
b. Leaders at Versailles like idea, but faltered when asked to join
c. Isolationist congress embarrassingly turned down Wilson's idea
7. The Russian Revolution: Czar out, Lenin in
a. Under Czar Nicholas, Russian Army failing, lack of industrialization
b. Alexander Kerensky took power, establishing provisional government
1. Soviets under his rule angry, overthrew him
2. Lenin took power, establishing red Army to crush counterrevolutionaries
c. Western neighbors wary of Russia
8. Here come the Turks: The Sick Man of Europe is Put out of his Misery
a. Ottoman Empire made mistake of joining Central Powers
b. Greeks took Ottoman lands but repulsed by Ataturk's forces
1. Ataturk westernized Turkey
2. Some did not like his actions
B. The WWII Era
1. Stalin: The Soviets go totalitarian
a. Stalin instituted collectivization, killing those whom resisted
b. Stole crops from farmers, causing famines
c. Joseph Stalin relied on terror tactics, killing millions, used labor camps
2. The Great Depression: Capitalism Crashes, Germany Burns
a. Capitalism financed recovery for most of war damages
b. Germany paid French who were owed big by Russia with US credit
c. Economy crashed in '29
d. U.S and Germany most devastated by crash
e. Fascism arose in Europe, FDR elected in landslide election
3. Fascism gains Momentum
a. Wanted identity rooted in extreme nationalism
b. Not all identical
c. Fascists wanted individual will destroyed in favor of the people
4. Fascism in Italy: Another Step toward Another War
a. Benito Mussolini headed National Fascist party, used Blackshirts to crush his enemies
b. Fascists took control of Parliament, Benito soon in absolute control
c. Mussolini focused on expansion to North Africa to rally people
5. The Rise of Hitler
a. Wiemar republic, democratic republic established after WWI
b. Nazi party ushered in by Depression, promised glory again for Germany
1. Nazis soon dominated Reichstag, Third Reich established
6. Go Ahead, You nut, We trust ya
a. German military rebuilt
b. Germany and Italy supported fascists in Spanish Civil War
c. Later Hitler took or received
1. Czechoslovakia
2. The Rhineland
3. Sudentenland
d. Britain and France signed pacts with other non- Hitler countries
e. Hitler signed Nazi-Soviet pact, allying with Russia
7. Need to Read about some more aggression? How about Japan?
a. After WWI, they were victorious, demanding trade rights from the Chinese
b. Once Great Depression hit, Japanese militarists concluded building an empire would rescue
finances
c. Building an Empire: Hostilities begin
1. Manchuria invaded
2. Anti-Comintern pact signed with Germany
3. China invaded, Rape of Nanjing occurred
4. Japan's war soon to merge with European war
8. A Quick Review of WWII: Tens of Millions Dead
a. German blitzkrieg conquered most of continental Europe in one year
b. German advance
1. Germans tried to bomb Britain into submission, failed
2. Germans double crossed Soviet Union, invaded them
C. Japan advances
1. Angered by U.S. trade Sanctions
2. Surprise attacked Pearl Harbor, U.S. Naval Base
3. Continued invading southest asia, and pacific islands
d. The end is coming
1. German forces pushed back to Berlin, they lost
2. Japanese held out longer, Atom bombed twice to surrender
3. War was over
9. The Consequences: So Much changed!
a. The Holocaust Revealed
1. Millions of Jews and "imperfects" slaughtered throughout war
2. News spread, symapthy for Jews and their need of homeland climbed
b. The Peace Settlement
1. Nazi war criminals tried and sentenced
2. Germany occupied by Allies
3. Japan demilitarized, now friendly to west
c. Europe Torn to Shreds
1. Infrastructure of many countries destroyed
2. U.S. Marshall Plan accepted by western Europe, recovered their economies in a decade
d. The Decline of Colonialism
1. War affected atitudes about empire
2. Colonists began to rise against rulers
e. Big Changes for Women
1. Women worked on homefrront during war, replacing men's jobs
2. After war, many expanded their horizons
f. The Creation of International Organizations
1. UN created to ally nations so large wars would not break out again
2. Primary goal was to
a. Mediate world affairs
b. Intervene if needed
3. Other organizations created such as:
a. World Bank
b. International Monetary fund
c. World Trade Organization
g. The Start of the Cold War
1. Cold War started in 1945
2. U.S. and Soviet Union strategized how to contain each other's ideology
3. Struggle lasted for nearly 50 years
C. Communism and The Cold War
1. Power Grab: Soviets and Americans Want Everyone to Take Sides
a. Struggle began almost immediately
b. Each superpower wanted their respective ideas to be more influential
c. Soviet Union set up puppet states in Eastern Europe
d. In 1948, Britain, France, and America united to form west Germany
e. After Berlin Blockade by Soviets, Three others received West Berlin
f. Soviets later split Berlin's halves with Berlin Wall
2. East Versus West: Let's Point Our Weapons at Each Other
a. Eastern Bloc and The Warsaw Pact
1. East Germany
2. Poland
3. Czechoslovakia
4. Romania
5. Hungary
b. Western Bloc and Nato
1. Britain
2. France
3. Italy
4. Belgium
5. The Netherlands
6. Norway
7. West Germany
8. Eventually Greece and Turkey
c. Two sides loaded conventional, then nuclear weapons at borders
d. Some countries allied with superpowers
e. Some remained nonaligned, neutral, or let both superpowers come to them
3. China: Communists make Huge Gains
a. Sun Yat-Sen promoted Three Principles of The People
b. He created political party Kuomindang for own usage
c. Russia helped Chinese KMT fight Japanese
d. In 1949, after Chinese Civil War, communist Mao Zedong took power
1. Mao implemented Great Leap Forward, collectivized farms and industry
2. Collectivised farms could not meet quota, many people starved
3. Mao Zedong cooled relations with Russia
4. Mao rebuilt military
5. Mao's Cultural Revolution eliminated
a. western influenced intelligentsia
b. Dissident civilians
e. Mao Zedong died, allowing Deng Xiaoping to restructure economy
f. China Looks West: Likes the Money, Not So Sure About The Freedom
1. Still communist, capitalist reforms being made
2. Reforms were wildy successful
3. Government remains strictly communist, reforms semi-stunted
4. Division of Korea: The Cold War Turns Hot and Now Possibly Nuclear
a. Korea freed from Japan after WWII
b. U.S. backed Democracy in South
c. Soviet Communist regime in North Korea
d. The War and Its Results
1. North Korea invaded South Korea
2. The Two Sides battled out, neither won any territory in the end
3. An armistice was signed, North and South today still separate
e. North Korea
1. Nutty rulers ruled afterward
2. Nuclear tests follow
3. Talks with North Korea faltered, NK still a threat
f. South Korea
1. Economically prosperous
2. U.S. Military presence strong
5. Vietnam: The Cold War Turns Ugly
a. French Colonists attacke by Vietminh Guerillas
b. Country split into north and south
c. The Conflict
1. Millions killed
2. Peace agreement led to the unification of Vietnam as communist state
3. Communism stepped forward in the region
4. Foreign policy affected for decades
6. The Cuban Revolution: Communism on the American Doorstep
a. Free Cuba was ruled by U.S supported Batista dictatorship
b. Batista dictatorship overthrown by Fidel Castro
c. Under Fidel Castro's rule
1. Communism grew there
2. Good relations with Soviet Union established
3. Soviet missiles put there
d. U.S. intervention
1. Attack by U.S. backed Cuban Exiles failed
2. Later American blockade of Soviet ships to Cuba succeeded
3. After end of Cold War, Cuba became poor again
7. Poland: Solidarity grows in popularity
a. Solidarity party was headed by Lech Walesa
b. Solidarity promoters wanted economic reforms in communist government
c. In 1989 Solidarist Tadeusz Mazowiecki became Polish Prime Minister
d. Lech Walesa and later rulers established democratic constitution
e. Poland westernized, joined EU and Nato
8. German Reunification: All this, Just To Be Back Where It Started
a. Germany became free market democracy after Soviet decline
b. East German factories and industries worked to be competitive with the west
c. German econmy rebuilt, Germany became a leading economy in Europe
9. The Soviet Union Collapses: Glasnost, Perestroika, Kaput
a. Mikhail Gorbachev instituted reforms, creating more free enterprises
b. Mikhail signed nuclear arms treaties with U.S.
c. Soviet satellites rebelled and got freedom
d. Most have set up constitutional democracies
D. Independence Movements and Developments in Asia and Africa
1. The Indian Subcontinent
a. Indian National Congress established for Hindu freedom
b. Muslim League established for Muslim independence
c. Armritsar massacre of protesters by British set off large movement
d. Mohandas Gandhi leads Hindus
1. He became leading protester
2. Organized many peaceful protests and boycotts
3. Jailed multiple times
4. Although Hindu, Gandhi promoted mutual respect of both religions
e. Independence won: Nations Two
1. Once independence gained, bloodshed started
2. Britain intervened, splitting India into thirds
a. Two Muslim parts
b. One Hindu part
3. Muslim part became Pakistan and Bangladesh
4. Violence between two occurs today
2. Africa
a. African nations motivated for freedom by WWII
b. Thousands of Africans fought for the Allies, believed they were worthy to be free
c. Saharan countries gained independence through strong Islamic ties
d. Subsaharan Africa had more difficult time because of
1. Lack of skilled workers
2. Raped of Resources
e. Rwanda: Ethnic Genocide
1. Rwanda independence declared in 1962
2. Hutu and Tutsi fought and killed many of each other in genocide
3. In 1972, Juvenal Habyarimana made a coup against government, gaining power
4. After his death, civil war erupted, leaving 800,000 dead and 2 million displaced
5. Rwandians held onto culture
f. Developments in South Africa: Rise and Fall of the Apartheid
1. In 1910, Boer Republics and two British colonies established as Union of South Africa
2. Racial segregation and banning of blacks in certain work areas occurred in 1926
3. After British withdrawal in 1931, apartheid government of whites established
a. Blacks given bad land
b. Lived restricted lives
4. The African National Congress
a. Supported peaceful protest against the apartheid
b. After Sharpeville Massacre, people encouraged to use guerrilla warfare
c. Leader Nelson Mandela imprisoned by apartheid, later released after apartheid crumbled
3. The Middle East
a. Israel: Balfour Declares a Mess
1. Over time, Jews left Palestine because of increased Muslim presence
2. Muslims made Palestine their home
3. During WWI, Britain gained control of Palestine, allowing both to live together through Balfour Declaration
4.During WWII, thousands of Jews escaped to Israel, where funding from other Jews came after
b. The Jewish Wait For A State Ends in 1948
1. In 1948, UN established two Palestines for the respective religions
2. Israeli state announced, six Arab nations invaded Israel and lost, Palestinians without homes
3. In 1967, Arab Nations defeated trying to invade Israel
4. PLO arose to fight for Islamic presence in
a. West Bank
b. Gaza Strip
c. Golan Heights
d. Terrorist tactics used
5. Later Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas signed cease fire with Israel, ending infitada
a. Israelis withdrew from West Bank
b. Hamas later engaged Israel
c. Hezbollah attacked in 2006
d. Lasting peace an unsure thing
6. The Iranian Revolution: The Shah gets Shooed
a. Reza Shah Pahlavi rose to power, ousting the ruling shah
b. Shah Pahlavi's Reign
1. Pahlavi joined Persia (Iran) with West
2. Pahlavi increased womens' rights, gave more land reform
3. Shah Pahlavi continued reforms even through public disapproval
c. Iranian revolution
1. Ayatollah Khomeini reversed Pahlavi's gains
2. His men took 79 American hostages in 1979
3. Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, quietly supported by infuriated U.S.
d. After Ayatollah's death, power struggle erupted between fundamentalists and western supporters
e. In 2005, ultra conservative mayor Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected, relations with U.S. established
7. Oil: Enormous Amounts of Goo
a. After Industrial Revolution, oil no longer goo
b. Having a high demand for oil, Middle East and other Oil producing countries united
c. Organization named OPEC
d. Opec put a monopoly on oil, driving up oil prices in the 70's
E. Globalization And The World Since 1980
1. International Terrorism and War
a. Cold War Organizations
1. UN
2. NATO
3. International Atomic Energy Agency
b. Other organizations
1. Human Rights Watch
2. Doctors Without Borders
3. Amnesty International
2. War in The Gulf: Oil and Saddam Hussein
a. Saddam Hussein advanced into Kuwait to gain oil reserves for more strikes for oil
b. UN forces dispatched and defeated Saddam's forces, still leaving him to rule
c. Second Gulf War
1. Initiated by U.S. and G.B. to oust Saddam Hussein
2. Saddam's forces beaten, Saddam eventually captured
3. U.S. and British forces continue to occupy country in increased violence
4. Troop surge activated in 2007
3. Taliban, Al Queda, Osama Bin Laden
a. The Soviet-Afghan War
1. Thousands of Russian troops sent into Afghanistan at request of leader Nur Muhammad Taraki in early 80s
2. U.S. backed Mujahideen fought the Soviets
3. Mujahideen won, Soviets withdrew, the Soviet Union on the decline
b. After internal Civil war, Taliban emerged as Aghan ruling party
1. Taliban had hatred for
a. Israel (Jewish People)
b. Saudi Arabia (Close to U.S.)
c. U.S. (Believes they infect Islamic culture)
2. War on Terror
a. After September 11th, 2001 bombing, War on Terror declared
b. Taliban ousted from power
c. Smaller Suicide bombings continue against
1. Israelis
2. Other Muslims
3. Surrounding countries
4. Done by Al Queda and similar groups
4. World Trade and Cultural Exchange
a. With Cold War over, new business oppurtunities arose for old enemies
b. Invention of the internet made trade easier
c. Trading blocks arose such as
1. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
2. European Union (EU- Made the Euro a currency)
3. With Trade and transportation easier, cultures spread and homogenized
5. Global Alphabet Soup
a. With globalization of trade, organizations founded to support and protect it
b. GATT founded to reduce international trade barriers (Now WTO)
c. G6 (Group of Six), later G8 founded as a forum for world's major trading democracies
1. U.S.
2. Great Britain
3. (West) Germany
4. Poland
5. Italy
6. Japan
7. Canada
8. Russia
6. Environmental Change
a. Until 1980s, environmental issues focused on local pollution or waste management
b. In the 50s and 60s, pesticides ruined lands, upset species, and the biomes
c. Water and oil both in high demand and short supply
d. Industry makes it hard to be environmentally safe, and adequate for the masses.
7. Technology Since 1980
a. The PC was consolidated, its power increased through silicon chips
b. The World Wide Web
1. In late 1980s, early WWW versions were running out of Europe
2. Commercial browsers allowed personal users access to news, email, data
3. The gap between internet and non internet users grew
IV. Changes and Continuities In The Role Of Women
A. Suffrage and Politics
1. By the 1930s, Women in many places gained suffrage
2. Middle Eastern Women can not vote sometimes
3. In communism, few women hold key roles
B. Family Rights
1. Women received
a. Divorce rights
b. More inheritance rights
c. Child posession rights
2. Women in the Work Force
a. Women at public workplaces more accepted after WWII
b. Women still paid less than men in some places
c. Women worked in industry during the World Wars and a lot after
V. Pulling It all Together
A. Nationalism was a key factor in the twentieth centuries
B. Nationalism led to or was fueled by
1. Both World Wars
2. The freedom of nations
3. Religious and secular wars
4. Broad cultural characteristics
II. Stay Focused on the Big picture
1. Observe impact of nationalism and self determination
2. Show how world cultures are converging
3. Observe impact of population, resource use on the environment
III. The Twentieth Century in Chunks
A. The World War I Era
1. Because of European colonizing, many around the world tied into European affairs
2. Nationalism and building up of militaries infected Europe, drawing world closer to war
3. Shifting Alliances: A prewar Tally of European Countries
a. Germany formed alliance with
1. Austria-Hungary
2. Italy
3. Russia
b. New ruler of Germany soured relations with Russia
c. Russia formed new alliance with France, friendly with Britain
4. Trouble in the Balkans: Europe in a Tizzy
a. Ottoman empire on the decline
b. Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina
c. Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia, chain reaction follows
d. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed Central Powers
e. 40 countries went total war, millions died in 4 years
f. Women working in factories fought for suffrage
g. Central Powers capitulated in 1918
5. The Treaty of Versailles: Make the Germans cry
a. Germany was scapegoat of the war
b. Germany forced to:
1. Release territory
2. pay war reparations
3. downsize military
c. President Wilson's more fair 14 points unpopular
d. German resentment of victors fostered home for Hitler's ideals
6. The League of Nations: Can't We all just get along?
a. Mentioned under Wilson's Fourteen Points
b. Leaders at Versailles like idea, but faltered when asked to join
c. Isolationist congress embarrassingly turned down Wilson's idea
7. The Russian Revolution: Czar out, Lenin in
a. Under Czar Nicholas, Russian Army failing, lack of industrialization
b. Alexander Kerensky took power, establishing provisional government
1. Soviets under his rule angry, overthrew him
2. Lenin took power, establishing red Army to crush counterrevolutionaries
c. Western neighbors wary of Russia
8. Here come the Turks: The Sick Man of Europe is Put out of his Misery
a. Ottoman Empire made mistake of joining Central Powers
b. Greeks took Ottoman lands but repulsed by Ataturk's forces
1. Ataturk westernized Turkey
2. Some did not like his actions
B. The WWII Era
1. Stalin: The Soviets go totalitarian
a. Stalin instituted collectivization, killing those whom resisted
b. Stole crops from farmers, causing famines
c. Joseph Stalin relied on terror tactics, killing millions, used labor camps
2. The Great Depression: Capitalism Crashes, Germany Burns
a. Capitalism financed recovery for most of war damages
b. Germany paid French who were owed big by Russia with US credit
c. Economy crashed in '29
d. U.S and Germany most devastated by crash
e. Fascism arose in Europe, FDR elected in landslide election
3. Fascism gains Momentum
a. Wanted identity rooted in extreme nationalism
b. Not all identical
c. Fascists wanted individual will destroyed in favor of the people
4. Fascism in Italy: Another Step toward Another War
a. Benito Mussolini headed National Fascist party, used Blackshirts to crush his enemies
b. Fascists took control of Parliament, Benito soon in absolute control
c. Mussolini focused on expansion to North Africa to rally people
5. The Rise of Hitler
a. Wiemar republic, democratic republic established after WWI
b. Nazi party ushered in by Depression, promised glory again for Germany
1. Nazis soon dominated Reichstag, Third Reich established
6. Go Ahead, You nut, We trust ya
a. German military rebuilt
b. Germany and Italy supported fascists in Spanish Civil War
c. Later Hitler took or received
1. Czechoslovakia
2. The Rhineland
3. Sudentenland
d. Britain and France signed pacts with other non- Hitler countries
e. Hitler signed Nazi-Soviet pact, allying with Russia
7. Need to Read about some more aggression? How about Japan?
a. After WWI, they were victorious, demanding trade rights from the Chinese
b. Once Great Depression hit, Japanese militarists concluded building an empire would rescue
finances
c. Building an Empire: Hostilities begin
1. Manchuria invaded
2. Anti-Comintern pact signed with Germany
3. China invaded, Rape of Nanjing occurred
4. Japan's war soon to merge with European war
8. A Quick Review of WWII: Tens of Millions Dead
a. German blitzkrieg conquered most of continental Europe in one year
b. German advance
1. Germans tried to bomb Britain into submission, failed
2. Germans double crossed Soviet Union, invaded them
C. Japan advances
1. Angered by U.S. trade Sanctions
2. Surprise attacked Pearl Harbor, U.S. Naval Base
3. Continued invading southest asia, and pacific islands
d. The end is coming
1. German forces pushed back to Berlin, they lost
2. Japanese held out longer, Atom bombed twice to surrender
3. War was over
9. The Consequences: So Much changed!
a. The Holocaust Revealed
1. Millions of Jews and "imperfects" slaughtered throughout war
2. News spread, symapthy for Jews and their need of homeland climbed
b. The Peace Settlement
1. Nazi war criminals tried and sentenced
2. Germany occupied by Allies
3. Japan demilitarized, now friendly to west
c. Europe Torn to Shreds
1. Infrastructure of many countries destroyed
2. U.S. Marshall Plan accepted by western Europe, recovered their economies in a decade
d. The Decline of Colonialism
1. War affected atitudes about empire
2. Colonists began to rise against rulers
e. Big Changes for Women
1. Women worked on homefrront during war, replacing men's jobs
2. After war, many expanded their horizons
f. The Creation of International Organizations
1. UN created to ally nations so large wars would not break out again
2. Primary goal was to
a. Mediate world affairs
b. Intervene if needed
3. Other organizations created such as:
a. World Bank
b. International Monetary fund
c. World Trade Organization
g. The Start of the Cold War
1. Cold War started in 1945
2. U.S. and Soviet Union strategized how to contain each other's ideology
3. Struggle lasted for nearly 50 years
C. Communism and The Cold War
1. Power Grab: Soviets and Americans Want Everyone to Take Sides
a. Struggle began almost immediately
b. Each superpower wanted their respective ideas to be more influential
c. Soviet Union set up puppet states in Eastern Europe
d. In 1948, Britain, France, and America united to form west Germany
e. After Berlin Blockade by Soviets, Three others received West Berlin
f. Soviets later split Berlin's halves with Berlin Wall
2. East Versus West: Let's Point Our Weapons at Each Other
a. Eastern Bloc and The Warsaw Pact
1. East Germany
2. Poland
3. Czechoslovakia
4. Romania
5. Hungary
b. Western Bloc and Nato
1. Britain
2. France
3. Italy
4. Belgium
5. The Netherlands
6. Norway
7. West Germany
8. Eventually Greece and Turkey
c. Two sides loaded conventional, then nuclear weapons at borders
d. Some countries allied with superpowers
e. Some remained nonaligned, neutral, or let both superpowers come to them
3. China: Communists make Huge Gains
a. Sun Yat-Sen promoted Three Principles of The People
b. He created political party Kuomindang for own usage
c. Russia helped Chinese KMT fight Japanese
d. In 1949, after Chinese Civil War, communist Mao Zedong took power
1. Mao implemented Great Leap Forward, collectivized farms and industry
2. Collectivised farms could not meet quota, many people starved
3. Mao Zedong cooled relations with Russia
4. Mao rebuilt military
5. Mao's Cultural Revolution eliminated
a. western influenced intelligentsia
b. Dissident civilians
e. Mao Zedong died, allowing Deng Xiaoping to restructure economy
f. China Looks West: Likes the Money, Not So Sure About The Freedom
1. Still communist, capitalist reforms being made
2. Reforms were wildy successful
3. Government remains strictly communist, reforms semi-stunted
4. Division of Korea: The Cold War Turns Hot and Now Possibly Nuclear
a. Korea freed from Japan after WWII
b. U.S. backed Democracy in South
c. Soviet Communist regime in North Korea
d. The War and Its Results
1. North Korea invaded South Korea
2. The Two Sides battled out, neither won any territory in the end
3. An armistice was signed, North and South today still separate
e. North Korea
1. Nutty rulers ruled afterward
2. Nuclear tests follow
3. Talks with North Korea faltered, NK still a threat
f. South Korea
1. Economically prosperous
2. U.S. Military presence strong
5. Vietnam: The Cold War Turns Ugly
a. French Colonists attacke by Vietminh Guerillas
b. Country split into north and south
c. The Conflict
1. Millions killed
2. Peace agreement led to the unification of Vietnam as communist state
3. Communism stepped forward in the region
4. Foreign policy affected for decades
6. The Cuban Revolution: Communism on the American Doorstep
a. Free Cuba was ruled by U.S supported Batista dictatorship
b. Batista dictatorship overthrown by Fidel Castro
c. Under Fidel Castro's rule
1. Communism grew there
2. Good relations with Soviet Union established
3. Soviet missiles put there
d. U.S. intervention
1. Attack by U.S. backed Cuban Exiles failed
2. Later American blockade of Soviet ships to Cuba succeeded
3. After end of Cold War, Cuba became poor again
7. Poland: Solidarity grows in popularity
a. Solidarity party was headed by Lech Walesa
b. Solidarity promoters wanted economic reforms in communist government
c. In 1989 Solidarist Tadeusz Mazowiecki became Polish Prime Minister
d. Lech Walesa and later rulers established democratic constitution
e. Poland westernized, joined EU and Nato
8. German Reunification: All this, Just To Be Back Where It Started
a. Germany became free market democracy after Soviet decline
b. East German factories and industries worked to be competitive with the west
c. German econmy rebuilt, Germany became a leading economy in Europe
9. The Soviet Union Collapses: Glasnost, Perestroika, Kaput
a. Mikhail Gorbachev instituted reforms, creating more free enterprises
b. Mikhail signed nuclear arms treaties with U.S.
c. Soviet satellites rebelled and got freedom
d. Most have set up constitutional democracies
D. Independence Movements and Developments in Asia and Africa
1. The Indian Subcontinent
a. Indian National Congress established for Hindu freedom
b. Muslim League established for Muslim independence
c. Armritsar massacre of protesters by British set off large movement
d. Mohandas Gandhi leads Hindus
1. He became leading protester
2. Organized many peaceful protests and boycotts
3. Jailed multiple times
4. Although Hindu, Gandhi promoted mutual respect of both religions
e. Independence won: Nations Two
1. Once independence gained, bloodshed started
2. Britain intervened, splitting India into thirds
a. Two Muslim parts
b. One Hindu part
3. Muslim part became Pakistan and Bangladesh
4. Violence between two occurs today
2. Africa
a. African nations motivated for freedom by WWII
b. Thousands of Africans fought for the Allies, believed they were worthy to be free
c. Saharan countries gained independence through strong Islamic ties
d. Subsaharan Africa had more difficult time because of
1. Lack of skilled workers
2. Raped of Resources
e. Rwanda: Ethnic Genocide
1. Rwanda independence declared in 1962
2. Hutu and Tutsi fought and killed many of each other in genocide
3. In 1972, Juvenal Habyarimana made a coup against government, gaining power
4. After his death, civil war erupted, leaving 800,000 dead and 2 million displaced
5. Rwandians held onto culture
f. Developments in South Africa: Rise and Fall of the Apartheid
1. In 1910, Boer Republics and two British colonies established as Union of South Africa
2. Racial segregation and banning of blacks in certain work areas occurred in 1926
3. After British withdrawal in 1931, apartheid government of whites established
a. Blacks given bad land
b. Lived restricted lives
4. The African National Congress
a. Supported peaceful protest against the apartheid
b. After Sharpeville Massacre, people encouraged to use guerrilla warfare
c. Leader Nelson Mandela imprisoned by apartheid, later released after apartheid crumbled
3. The Middle East
a. Israel: Balfour Declares a Mess
1. Over time, Jews left Palestine because of increased Muslim presence
2. Muslims made Palestine their home
3. During WWI, Britain gained control of Palestine, allowing both to live together through Balfour Declaration
4.During WWII, thousands of Jews escaped to Israel, where funding from other Jews came after
b. The Jewish Wait For A State Ends in 1948
1. In 1948, UN established two Palestines for the respective religions
2. Israeli state announced, six Arab nations invaded Israel and lost, Palestinians without homes
3. In 1967, Arab Nations defeated trying to invade Israel
4. PLO arose to fight for Islamic presence in
a. West Bank
b. Gaza Strip
c. Golan Heights
d. Terrorist tactics used
5. Later Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas signed cease fire with Israel, ending infitada
a. Israelis withdrew from West Bank
b. Hamas later engaged Israel
c. Hezbollah attacked in 2006
d. Lasting peace an unsure thing
6. The Iranian Revolution: The Shah gets Shooed
a. Reza Shah Pahlavi rose to power, ousting the ruling shah
b. Shah Pahlavi's Reign
1. Pahlavi joined Persia (Iran) with West
2. Pahlavi increased womens' rights, gave more land reform
3. Shah Pahlavi continued reforms even through public disapproval
c. Iranian revolution
1. Ayatollah Khomeini reversed Pahlavi's gains
2. His men took 79 American hostages in 1979
3. Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, quietly supported by infuriated U.S.
d. After Ayatollah's death, power struggle erupted between fundamentalists and western supporters
e. In 2005, ultra conservative mayor Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected, relations with U.S. established
7. Oil: Enormous Amounts of Goo
a. After Industrial Revolution, oil no longer goo
b. Having a high demand for oil, Middle East and other Oil producing countries united
c. Organization named OPEC
d. Opec put a monopoly on oil, driving up oil prices in the 70's
E. Globalization And The World Since 1980
1. International Terrorism and War
a. Cold War Organizations
1. UN
2. NATO
3. International Atomic Energy Agency
b. Other organizations
1. Human Rights Watch
2. Doctors Without Borders
3. Amnesty International
2. War in The Gulf: Oil and Saddam Hussein
a. Saddam Hussein advanced into Kuwait to gain oil reserves for more strikes for oil
b. UN forces dispatched and defeated Saddam's forces, still leaving him to rule
c. Second Gulf War
1. Initiated by U.S. and G.B. to oust Saddam Hussein
2. Saddam's forces beaten, Saddam eventually captured
3. U.S. and British forces continue to occupy country in increased violence
4. Troop surge activated in 2007
3. Taliban, Al Queda, Osama Bin Laden
a. The Soviet-Afghan War
1. Thousands of Russian troops sent into Afghanistan at request of leader Nur Muhammad Taraki in early 80s
2. U.S. backed Mujahideen fought the Soviets
3. Mujahideen won, Soviets withdrew, the Soviet Union on the decline
b. After internal Civil war, Taliban emerged as Aghan ruling party
1. Taliban had hatred for
a. Israel (Jewish People)
b. Saudi Arabia (Close to U.S.)
c. U.S. (Believes they infect Islamic culture)
2. War on Terror
a. After September 11th, 2001 bombing, War on Terror declared
b. Taliban ousted from power
c. Smaller Suicide bombings continue against
1. Israelis
2. Other Muslims
3. Surrounding countries
4. Done by Al Queda and similar groups
4. World Trade and Cultural Exchange
a. With Cold War over, new business oppurtunities arose for old enemies
b. Invention of the internet made trade easier
c. Trading blocks arose such as
1. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
2. European Union (EU- Made the Euro a currency)
3. With Trade and transportation easier, cultures spread and homogenized
5. Global Alphabet Soup
a. With globalization of trade, organizations founded to support and protect it
b. GATT founded to reduce international trade barriers (Now WTO)
c. G6 (Group of Six), later G8 founded as a forum for world's major trading democracies
1. U.S.
2. Great Britain
3. (West) Germany
4. Poland
5. Italy
6. Japan
7. Canada
8. Russia
6. Environmental Change
a. Until 1980s, environmental issues focused on local pollution or waste management
b. In the 50s and 60s, pesticides ruined lands, upset species, and the biomes
c. Water and oil both in high demand and short supply
d. Industry makes it hard to be environmentally safe, and adequate for the masses.
7. Technology Since 1980
a. The PC was consolidated, its power increased through silicon chips
b. The World Wide Web
1. In late 1980s, early WWW versions were running out of Europe
2. Commercial browsers allowed personal users access to news, email, data
3. The gap between internet and non internet users grew
IV. Changes and Continuities In The Role Of Women
A. Suffrage and Politics
1. By the 1930s, Women in many places gained suffrage
2. Middle Eastern Women can not vote sometimes
3. In communism, few women hold key roles
B. Family Rights
1. Women received
a. Divorce rights
b. More inheritance rights
c. Child posession rights
2. Women in the Work Force
a. Women at public workplaces more accepted after WWII
b. Women still paid less than men in some places
c. Women worked in industry during the World Wars and a lot after
V. Pulling It all Together
A. Nationalism was a key factor in the twentieth centuries
B. Nationalism led to or was fueled by
1. Both World Wars
2. The freedom of nations
3. Religious and secular wars
4. Broad cultural characteristics
Tuesday, August 12, 2008
Part 2: Ancient Stuff b.c. 8000-600 c.e. + 600-1450-1750 Chapter VII
VI. Ancient Stuff
A. Nomads: Follow the Food
1. Forage Societies
a. Followed animals' movements, their source of sustenance
b. Had no permanent shelters
2. pastoral Societies
a. Farmers grew crops
b. Farmers raised livestock as well
c. People settled down
d. Women lost some rights
B. Neolithic Revolution
1. Agriculture
a. People settled and grew close to their land
b. Farming fed many and left food for a winter surplus
c. Landscape was altered by farming techniques such as:
1. Irrigation canals
2. tilled fields
3. Home building
4. Quarrying
2. Metallurgy
a. Bronze created from Copper- Tin alloy
b. Granite and other stones shaped
C. The Big, early Civilizations
1. Mesopotamia
a. Sumer, Babylon,and Persia made Mesopotamia
b. The use of iron for farming and war was key
c. Iron allowed farmers and soldiers to respectively
1. Easily till crops
2. Create devastatingly strong and powerful weapons
2. Ancient Egypt
a. Three Kingdoms
1. Old
2. Middle
3. New
b. Mastered Nile River
1. Learned the flooding pattern
2. Used it for their crops
c. They were polytheistic and believed in afterlife
3. Indus Valley Civilization
a. Advanced Technology use
b. They created elaborate architectural designs
c. Aryans arrived, city abandoned around 1900 b.c.e.
4. Shang on the Hwang
a. China was an isolated place
b. They invented:
1. Pottery
2. Silk
3. Calendar
c. dynasty ruled from 1600-1100 b.c.e.
5. Mesoamerica and South America
a. Great civilizations were the:
1. Olmec
2. Chavin
b. Not dependent on a river valley for sustenance
c. They were fishermen
d. Invented items equal to their wordly contemporaries
6. West Africa
a. Bantu migrations began in 1500 b.c.e.
b. Migrations spurred by harmful climate change
c. Jenne- Jeno was first city in West Africa
D. The Classical Civilizations : Mesoamerica
1. In search of Slaves Part 1
a. Mesoamericans created an accurate calendar
b. They made advances in agricultural technology
c. Equivalent to other cultures
2. In search of Slaves part 2
a. They were polytheistic
b. Human sacrifices were common
c. Their Golden age was from 500-850 c.e.
E. The Classical Civilizations: India and China
1. The Mauryan Empire in India
a. Empire united many Aryan tribes
b. Empire fueled by trade under Ashoka's reign
c. Rock and Pillar Edicts created
1. Influenced by Buddhism
2. Encouraged Righteous and generous lives
2. The Gupta Dynasty in India
a. Referred to as Golden Age of Mauryan empire
b. They created math concepts such as:
1. Pi
2. Zero
3. Arabic Numeral System
c. Caste System and Hinduism resurrected
1. Child marriage was common
2. Women lost many rights
3. The Qin Dynasty in China
a. Extremely short dynasty
b. Connected various walls, creating the Great Wall of China
c. Their dynasty was:
1. Organized
2. Territorial
3. Centralized
d. Shihuangdi, the first emperor standardized:
1. Weights
2. Currencies
3. Measures
4. Laws
e. Patriarchal society
f. Followers of Legalism
g. Empire destroyed by internal civilian rebellion
4. The Han Dynasty in China b.c.e. 200-200 c.e.
a. Led by warrior Wu Ti in the beginning
b. Buddhism spread along the Han controlled Silk Road
c. Civil Sercvice exam created
1. Culled out bad candidates, leaving the good for office
2. Generally only the wealthy could afford to prepare for the tests
F. The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean
1. Greece
a. The Social Structure and Citizenship
1. City-states known as Polises
2. Main Polises:
a. Culural Athens
b. Militaristic Sparta
3. Three groups in society
a. Citizens ( Free men who could participatein government)
b. Free people ( No government rights)
c. Slaves ( No government rights)
2. Slavery enabled democracy
a. Free men given time to do other things
b. Slaves could become free men
3. All citizens had to vote on issues
c. Greek Mythology
1. Greeks were polytheistic
2. Gods behaved humanly- they had faults
3. Greek gods referred to today
d. The War with Persia
1. Polises united against invaders
2. Much of Greece destroyed
a. Many cities razed
b. Heavy civilian and military losses
3. After the war, Greece was free to prosper
e. The Golden Age of Pericles
1. Pericles restored the Athenian infrastructure by:
a. Rebuilding Athens
b. Allowing all adult males to participate in government
2. Established The Delian League with other polises
3. Age lasted 200 years
4. Golden Age produced greats such as:
a. Socrates
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
5. Great plays written
a. Comedies
b. Tragedies
c. Classics
f. The End of Athens
1. Sparta formed Peloponnesian League, threatening The Delian League
2. Athens attacked by Sparta
a. Disease spread
b. Population starved
c. Athenian Navy beaten at Syracuse
3. Athens defeated
d. World changing, leading to new developments
IV. Major Belief Systems through 600 c.e.
A. Pay Attention to:
1. Focus on the ancient impact, not modern impact
2. The Schisms of religions
3. Focus on religious
a. Social
b. Political
c. Cultural
d. And military developments
4. Where a religious system started as well as
a. Where it spread to
b. Whom it came into conflict with
B. Polytheism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Almost all ancients except Christians and Jews were polytheistic
b. Some Aryan religions had polytheistic sects worshipping different gods
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Polytheists believed in multiple gods
b. Some thought of gods as merciful givers
c. Others lived in fear of their gods and appeased to them
3. Broader Impact
a. Center of peoples' lives
b. Buildings built in honor of gods
c. Priests and a ruling class created
d. Rise and Fall of city states seen as earth-heaven event, validity for military success
C. Confucianism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Specifically the Chinese
b. Practiced from 400 b.c.e. onward
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Started by Confucius, a political advisor and educator
b. Started to spread his thoughts, which were collected in the Analects
c. Not a religion: Confucianism is social and political philosophy
d. Fundamental ideas were
1. Five Fundamental Relationships
a. Ruler and Subject
b. Parent and child
c. Husband and wife
d. Older Brother and Younger Brother
e. Friend and Friend
2. Three values
a. Ren
b. Li
c. Xiao
e. Believed in strong administrators in whatever government
3. Broader Impact
a. Confucianism
1. Compatible with Religion
2. Made sense to many government leaders, they followed it
3. Lead to tight knit communities
b. Did not go beyond China's borders
D. Daoism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Only some Chinese practiced it
b. Practiced from 500 b.c.e. onward
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Defined as way of nature and the cosmos
b. Founded by Lao-tzu
c. Basic ideas were:
1. Dao does everything and nothing
2. Humans should emulate the Dao
3. Wuwei is internal Dao doctrine
3. Broader Impact
a. Small communities and sciences advocated
b. Daoists became great
1. Astronomers
2. Botanists
3. Chemists
c. Daoism coexisted with other religions, adding to China's complexity
E. Legalism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Mostly Chinese during Qin Dynasty
b. Other Chinese did as well
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Main idea was that Legalists did not trust human nature, strict laws needed
b. Legalists Preferred to rule through fear
c. Legalists believed most worthy professions were:
1. Farming
2. Military
3. Broader Impact
a. Great Wall finished swiftly through Legalism
b. Many civilians resented legalism
c. Very few practiced Legalism, going to other religions
I. Christianity
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Originally a splinter group of Jews
b. Later on Gentiles and others practiced it
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Came to be because of Jesus of Nazareth
b. People liked, were attracted to his ideas of
1. Devotion to God
2. Love for others
c. Christianity is based on
1. Old Testament
2. New Testament of Bible
3. Belief that Jesus is Son of God
4. Belief that eternal life comes from
a. Faith in the Divinity
b. Death
c. Resurrection of Christ
5. Expectation to serve God and others
3. Broader Impact
a. Early on, Jesus's disciples spread Christianity
b. Promise of eternal life for everyone brought many women and poor
c. Spread into Mediterranean, affecting future events
V. Technology and Innovations
A. Basic Technology
1. Basic inventions were:
a. Farming tools like hoes and carts
b. Metallurgy-Copper and stonework
2. Farming a lot meant food surplus
c. Manipulating environment-Tree cutting and ditch digging
B. Defensive Technology
1. Use of Metals
a. Used in Chariots
b. Melee weapons- Swords and spears
c. Other various things
2. Animal Usage
a. First empires came at same time as chariot
b. Horses initially too small for soldiers in armor
c. Stirrup used on saddle a major invention for horse users and archers
C. Public Works
1. Irrigation
a. Flood Control
1. Dikes
2. Canals
b. Sewage systems devised for safe waste removal and sanitation
3. Architectural Monuments
a. Religious monuments- pyramids, temples
b. Roads for travel and trade
c. Structures used to
1. Assert a leader's authority
2. Facilitate state functionality
3. Keep populace satisfied and employed
D. Trade
1. Early things traded were:
a. Silk
b. Cotton
c. Wool
d. Jewelry
2. Later things traded were olive oil and spices
E. Communications and Record keeping
1. Calendars
a. All civilizations developed relatively accurate calendars
b. Only the Maya made a 365 day calendar
2. Concept of Zero thought of by
a. Maya
b. Gupta
F. Chinese inventions
1. Chemical Inventions
a. Discovery of gunpowder
b. Distillation of alcohol
c. Paper invented
2. Other inventions
a. Compass
b. Windmills
c. Wheelbarrows
VI. Changes and Continuities In The Role of Women
A. Social Female Status
1. Upper Class Women more restricted from outside life
2. Lower class women and slaves more free to work outside
B. Religious Female Status
1. Christianity, Buddhism, Daoism
a. Females considered equals
b. Able to achieve Nirvana or salvation
c. Free to become a nun, be away from society
2. Hinduism and Confucianism
a. More restrictions on women
b. Hindu Women could not reach Moksha
c. Confucianism favored men
d. Confucian women were educated, in virtues and manners
VI.
1. Civilizations
a. Contributors of growth are
1. Agriculture
2. Written language
3. Metals
b. City lifespan
1. City grows and conquers
2. With no enemies, a golden age occurs
3. Empire grows too big and citizens bcome restless
4. Internal or external problems lead to the downfall of the city
2. Sources of Change
a. Cultures diffused through
1. Trade
2. Conquest
3. Religion on trade escapades
b. Civilizations
1. Adapt
2. Innovate
3. Adopt
3. Humans Versus Nature
a. Changing Earth's Face
1. Canals being dug
2. Stones cut, carved
3. Plowing fields
b. Developed nations less at nature's mercy
c. Free from worry about nature, people began to be concerned with internal peace
A. Nomads: Follow the Food
1. Forage Societies
a. Followed animals' movements, their source of sustenance
b. Had no permanent shelters
2. pastoral Societies
a. Farmers grew crops
b. Farmers raised livestock as well
c. People settled down
d. Women lost some rights
B. Neolithic Revolution
1. Agriculture
a. People settled and grew close to their land
b. Farming fed many and left food for a winter surplus
c. Landscape was altered by farming techniques such as:
1. Irrigation canals
2. tilled fields
3. Home building
4. Quarrying
2. Metallurgy
a. Bronze created from Copper- Tin alloy
b. Granite and other stones shaped
C. The Big, early Civilizations
1. Mesopotamia
a. Sumer, Babylon,and Persia made Mesopotamia
b. The use of iron for farming and war was key
c. Iron allowed farmers and soldiers to respectively
1. Easily till crops
2. Create devastatingly strong and powerful weapons
2. Ancient Egypt
a. Three Kingdoms
1. Old
2. Middle
3. New
b. Mastered Nile River
1. Learned the flooding pattern
2. Used it for their crops
c. They were polytheistic and believed in afterlife
3. Indus Valley Civilization
a. Advanced Technology use
b. They created elaborate architectural designs
c. Aryans arrived, city abandoned around 1900 b.c.e.
4. Shang on the Hwang
a. China was an isolated place
b. They invented:
1. Pottery
2. Silk
3. Calendar
c. dynasty ruled from 1600-1100 b.c.e.
5. Mesoamerica and South America
a. Great civilizations were the:
1. Olmec
2. Chavin
b. Not dependent on a river valley for sustenance
c. They were fishermen
d. Invented items equal to their wordly contemporaries
6. West Africa
a. Bantu migrations began in 1500 b.c.e.
b. Migrations spurred by harmful climate change
c. Jenne- Jeno was first city in West Africa
D. The Classical Civilizations : Mesoamerica
1. In search of Slaves Part 1
a. Mesoamericans created an accurate calendar
b. They made advances in agricultural technology
c. Equivalent to other cultures
2. In search of Slaves part 2
a. They were polytheistic
b. Human sacrifices were common
c. Their Golden age was from 500-850 c.e.
E. The Classical Civilizations: India and China
1. The Mauryan Empire in India
a. Empire united many Aryan tribes
b. Empire fueled by trade under Ashoka's reign
c. Rock and Pillar Edicts created
1. Influenced by Buddhism
2. Encouraged Righteous and generous lives
2. The Gupta Dynasty in India
a. Referred to as Golden Age of Mauryan empire
b. They created math concepts such as:
1. Pi
2. Zero
3. Arabic Numeral System
c. Caste System and Hinduism resurrected
1. Child marriage was common
2. Women lost many rights
3. The Qin Dynasty in China
a. Extremely short dynasty
b. Connected various walls, creating the Great Wall of China
c. Their dynasty was:
1. Organized
2. Territorial
3. Centralized
d. Shihuangdi, the first emperor standardized:
1. Weights
2. Currencies
3. Measures
4. Laws
e. Patriarchal society
f. Followers of Legalism
g. Empire destroyed by internal civilian rebellion
4. The Han Dynasty in China b.c.e. 200-200 c.e.
a. Led by warrior Wu Ti in the beginning
b. Buddhism spread along the Han controlled Silk Road
c. Civil Sercvice exam created
1. Culled out bad candidates, leaving the good for office
2. Generally only the wealthy could afford to prepare for the tests
F. The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean
1. Greece
a. The Social Structure and Citizenship
1. City-states known as Polises
2. Main Polises:
a. Culural Athens
b. Militaristic Sparta
3. Three groups in society
a. Citizens ( Free men who could participatein government)
b. Free people ( No government rights)
c. Slaves ( No government rights)
b. Government
1. Was a democracy, but only for free men
2. Slavery enabled democracy
a. Free men given time to do other things
b. Slaves could become free men
3. All citizens had to vote on issues
c. Greek Mythology
1. Greeks were polytheistic
2. Gods behaved humanly- they had faults
3. Greek gods referred to today
d. The War with Persia
1. Polises united against invaders
2. Much of Greece destroyed
a. Many cities razed
b. Heavy civilian and military losses
3. After the war, Greece was free to prosper
e. The Golden Age of Pericles
1. Pericles restored the Athenian infrastructure by:
a. Rebuilding Athens
b. Allowing all adult males to participate in government
2. Established The Delian League with other polises
3. Age lasted 200 years
4. Golden Age produced greats such as:
a. Socrates
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
5. Great plays written
a. Comedies
b. Tragedies
c. Classics
f. The End of Athens
1. Sparta formed Peloponnesian League, threatening The Delian League
2. Athens attacked by Sparta
a. Disease spread
b. Population starved
c. Athenian Navy beaten at Syracuse
3. Athens defeated
4. Macedonia invaded Greece shortly after Spartan takeover
g. The Macedonians March
1. Macedonians formed large empire under Alexander the Great
2. They spread Greek ideas and culture- Hellenism
3. Split into three empires
4. Alex died young, causing:
a. a crumbling empire
b. an opening for the Romans to rise
2. Rome
A. Roman Mythology
1. Romans were polytheistic
2. Renamed Greek gods to fit culture
B. Rome's social structure
1. Three groups:
a. Plebeians
b. Patricians
c. Slaves
2. Two representative Democracy groups
a. The Senate- Strictly Patrician
b. The Assembly- Patrician and later Plebeian
3. Consuls elected by Assembly, having power over Assembly
4. Roman Women and Slaves
a. Roman women could:
1. manage properties
2. purchase properties
b. considered inferior to men
c. Slaves could purchase freedom
C. Roman Law
1. Twelve Tables of Rome, civil laws, used today
2. Laws later applied to conquered peoples
D. Roman Military Domination: Going Places
1. Primary Enemy was African city Carthage
2. Beat Carthage in all three Punic Wars
3. Rome spread its culture through warfare
4. Empire spread to:
a. North Africa
b. West Europe
c. Middle East
5. Roman army built roads to:
a. move troops easily
b. Encourage trade
E. End of an Era: The beginning of an Empire
1. Rome's infrastructure and itself began to falter because of:
a. Inflation
b. Overcrowding of city
c. political infighting
2. Senate fell apart, first Triumvirate born
a. Julius Caesar
b. Pompey
c. Crassus
3. Caesar killed other two, murdered by angry senators later
4. Second triumvirate came, Octavius rose to Emperor
F. Pax Romana
1. Augustus (Octavius) created and (or) standardized:
a. Rule of Law
b. Common Coinage
c. Civil Service
2. Augustus augmented Empire's borders
3. Arts and Sciences flourished with the creations of
a. Pantheon
b. Colosseum
c. Forum
d. Metamorphoses
e. Aeneid
f. Great astronomical discoveries
g. Aquaducts
4. Religious Diversity
a. Shortly after Augustus's reign, Christianity came about
b. Romans began to persecute Christians and Jews because:
1. They were seen as threats to the empire
2. They were seen as threats to polytheism
c. Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 c.e., ending persecution
d. Christianity became official Roman religion
G. Late Classical Period: Empires collapse and people move
1. The Maya collapse
a. Cause unknown
b. Several plausible possibilities
1. Internal chaos and unrest
2. Environmentals supplies exhausted
c. Populace began to leave roughly 900 c.e.
2. The collapse of the Han Empire
a. Interrupted by Xin dynasty from 9-23 c.e.
b. Xin dynasty ruled by Wang Mang
c. Wang Mang made disasterous mistakes, led to peasant uprising
d. Xin dynasty ended with Wang Mang's death in battle
e. Han dynasty resurrected, but ended in 220 c.e.
3. Collapse of the Gupta Empire
a. Invaded by White Huns in 400 c.e.
1. Held Huns off for 50 years
2. Not defeated by Attila's forces
b. Gupta defense costly
c. Empire eventually overrun, culture managed to survive
4. Collapse of the Western Roman Empire
a. Collapse gradual from internal decay, but outside pressure began to break Rome down
b. Diocletion became emperor, and he
1. Split the empire
2. Reformed the armies
3. Budgeted the government
c. Constantine made Byzantium eastern capital, was a competent leader
d. A while After Constantine's death, Visigoths sacked Rome, ending western Roman empire
5. Cultural Diffusion: 200-600 c.e.
a. Trade began to flourish after imperial collapses, bringing
1. Culures
2. Religions
3. Diseases
4. Invaders to one another
b. Religions spread were Buddhism, and Christianity mainly
c. Cultures expanded, such as:
1. Anglo-Saxons to Britain
2. Huns to China
d. World changing, leading to new developments
IV. Major Belief Systems through 600 c.e.
A. Pay Attention to:
1. Focus on the ancient impact, not modern impact
2. The Schisms of religions
3. Focus on religious
a. Social
b. Political
c. Cultural
d. And military developments
4. Where a religious system started as well as
a. Where it spread to
b. Whom it came into conflict with
B. Polytheism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Almost all ancients except Christians and Jews were polytheistic
b. Some Aryan religions had polytheistic sects worshipping different gods
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Polytheists believed in multiple gods
b. Some thought of gods as merciful givers
c. Others lived in fear of their gods and appeased to them
3. Broader Impact
a. Center of peoples' lives
b. Buildings built in honor of gods
c. Priests and a ruling class created
d. Rise and Fall of city states seen as earth-heaven event, validity for military success
C. Confucianism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Specifically the Chinese
b. Practiced from 400 b.c.e. onward
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Started by Confucius, a political advisor and educator
b. Started to spread his thoughts, which were collected in the Analects
c. Not a religion: Confucianism is social and political philosophy
d. Fundamental ideas were
1. Five Fundamental Relationships
a. Ruler and Subject
b. Parent and child
c. Husband and wife
d. Older Brother and Younger Brother
e. Friend and Friend
2. Three values
a. Ren
b. Li
c. Xiao
e. Believed in strong administrators in whatever government
3. Broader Impact
a. Confucianism
1. Compatible with Religion
2. Made sense to many government leaders, they followed it
3. Lead to tight knit communities
b. Did not go beyond China's borders
D. Daoism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Only some Chinese practiced it
b. Practiced from 500 b.c.e. onward
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Defined as way of nature and the cosmos
b. Founded by Lao-tzu
c. Basic ideas were:
1. Dao does everything and nothing
2. Humans should emulate the Dao
3. Wuwei is internal Dao doctrine
3. Broader Impact
a. Small communities and sciences advocated
b. Daoists became great
1. Astronomers
2. Botanists
3. Chemists
c. Daoism coexisted with other religions, adding to China's complexity
E. Legalism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Mostly Chinese during Qin Dynasty
b. Other Chinese did as well
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Main idea was that Legalists did not trust human nature, strict laws needed
b. Legalists Preferred to rule through fear
c. Legalists believed most worthy professions were:
1. Farming
2. Military
3. Broader Impact
a. Great Wall finished swiftly through Legalism
b. Many civilians resented legalism
c. Very few practiced Legalism, going to other religions
F. Hinduism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a.Aryans
b. Subsequent Empires in the Indian Subcontinent
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Hindus believe in supreme god Brahma
b. Manifestations of Brahma were also gods
c. The Hindu lifestyle
1. Behave well in current life, advance a step in the caste system
2. Keep doing that until Moksha (heaven and internal peace) is reached
3. Broader Impact
a. Caste System created by Hinduists
b. Many Hindus accept their life
c. Like Confucianism, Hinduism did not spread past India
d. Later spawned Buddhism
G. Buddhism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. India
b. China
c. Southeast Asia
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
b. Buddhists follow Four Noble Truths, discovered by Buddha (Siddhartha)
1. Life is suffering
2. Desire causes suffering
3. One can be freed of desire
4. To free oneself of desire, follow the Eightfold Path
c. The Main Buddhist sects are
1. Theravada
2. Mahayana
3. Broader Impact
a. Buddhism appealed to many
b. Not reliant on the caste system
c. When Ashoka reigned, Buddhism took off, only to be reabsorbed into Hinduism
d. Buddhism spread to:
1. China
2. Japan
3. Southeast Asia
H. Judaism
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. The Hebrews
b. Also called Jews
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Jews believe they are God's chosen people (monotheistic!)
b. Personal relationship with God important
c. Jews believe they must honor God's will and follow his laws
d. Judaism is a religious and social custom
I. Christianity
1. Cultures that practiced it
a. Originally a splinter group of Jews
b. Later on Gentiles and others practiced it
2. Nuts and Bolts
a. Came to be because of Jesus of Nazareth
b. People liked, were attracted to his ideas of
1. Devotion to God
2. Love for others
c. Christianity is based on
1. Old Testament
2. New Testament of Bible
3. Belief that Jesus is Son of God
4. Belief that eternal life comes from
a. Faith in the Divinity
b. Death
c. Resurrection of Christ
5. Expectation to serve God and others
3. Broader Impact
a. Early on, Jesus's disciples spread Christianity
b. Promise of eternal life for everyone brought many women and poor
c. Spread into Mediterranean, affecting future events
V. Technology and Innovations
A. Basic Technology
1. Basic inventions were:
a. Farming tools like hoes and carts
b. Metallurgy-Copper and stonework
2. Farming a lot meant food surplus
c. Manipulating environment-Tree cutting and ditch digging
B. Defensive Technology
1. Use of Metals
a. Used in Chariots
b. Melee weapons- Swords and spears
c. Other various things
2. Animal Usage
a. First empires came at same time as chariot
b. Horses initially too small for soldiers in armor
c. Stirrup used on saddle a major invention for horse users and archers
C. Public Works
1. Irrigation
a. Flood Control
1. Dikes
2. Canals
b. Sewage systems devised for safe waste removal and sanitation
3. Architectural Monuments
a. Religious monuments- pyramids, temples
b. Roads for travel and trade
c. Structures used to
1. Assert a leader's authority
2. Facilitate state functionality
3. Keep populace satisfied and employed
D. Trade
1. Early things traded were:
a. Silk
b. Cotton
c. Wool
d. Jewelry
2. Later things traded were olive oil and spices
E. Communications and Record keeping
1. Calendars
a. All civilizations developed relatively accurate calendars
b. Only the Maya made a 365 day calendar
2. Concept of Zero thought of by
a. Maya
b. Gupta
F. Chinese inventions
1. Chemical Inventions
a. Discovery of gunpowder
b. Distillation of alcohol
c. Paper invented
2. Other inventions
a. Compass
b. Windmills
c. Wheelbarrows
VI. Changes and Continuities In The Role of Women
A. Social Female Status
1. Upper Class Women more restricted from outside life
2. Lower class women and slaves more free to work outside
B. Religious Female Status
1. Christianity, Buddhism, Daoism
a. Females considered equals
b. Able to achieve Nirvana or salvation
c. Free to become a nun, be away from society
2. Hinduism and Confucianism
a. More restrictions on women
b. Hindu Women could not reach Moksha
c. Confucianism favored men
d. Confucian women were educated, in virtues and manners
VI.
1. Civilizations
a. Contributors of growth are
1. Agriculture
2. Written language
3. Metals
b. City lifespan
1. City grows and conquers
2. With no enemies, a golden age occurs
3. Empire grows too big and citizens bcome restless
4. Internal or external problems lead to the downfall of the city
2. Sources of Change
a. Cultures diffused through
1. Trade
2. Conquest
3. Religion on trade escapades
b. Civilizations
1. Adapt
2. Innovate
3. Adopt
3. Humans Versus Nature
a. Changing Earth's Face
1. Canals being dug
2. Stones cut, carved
3. Plowing fields
b. Developed nations less at nature's mercy
c. Free from worry about nature, people began to be concerned with internal peace
600-1450- Chapter VII
I. Chapter Overview
II. Pay Attention To
III. Review of History Within Civilizations
A. The Rise Of Islam
1. Islam (monotheistic) arose in the 7th century c.e.
a. Muslims believe Allah (God) Spoke to Mohammad
b. Muslims believe these words, wrote them in book called Koran
c. Muslims follow
1. The Five Pillars
2. Jihad- To struggle
3. Jewish and Christian Prophets
2. Allah be Praised: Islam Takes Hold
a. Founded by Mohammad in year 622 c.e. after Hijra
b. Made Mecca the focal point of Muslim pilgrimage
c. Islam spread to:
1. Middle East
2. Africa
3. Arabian peninsula
3. The Empire grows as the Religion Splits
a. After Mohammad's death, Abu Bakr made Caliph
b. Later caliph Hasan was forced to relinquish title to a prominent Meccan family, creating the Umayyad dynasty
4. The Umayyad Dynasty
a. Standardized
1. Language- Arabic
2. Gold and Silver coins for commerce
b. Empire expanded into North Africa and Spain
c. Forced non Muslim converts to pay a tax
d. Islam split into two groups, Shia and Sunni
e. The Shia gained power, ousted the Umayyad, creating the Abbasid Dynasty
5. The Abbasid Dynasty
a. Existed from 250-1258 c.e., until defeated by Mongols
b. Empire based on trade and manufacture of
1. Swords
2. Jewels
3. Literature
c. Defeating a T'ang army brought them
1. Knowledge of how to make paper and preserve cultures
2. Silk Road
d. Muslim Sufis converted many to Islam
e. Muslims largely religiously tolerant, but practiced conversion with some force
6. Women and Islam: For Better, For Worse
a. Women viewed as restricted property, sometimes killed at birth
b. After the Qu'ran
1. Still Subserviant to men
2. Granted some legal rights
3. Infanticide
4. Women still carried less weight in court
5. Womens' primary duty over time became to love and care for her family
7. Decline of The Islamic caliphates
a. Decline Similar to that of Rome
1. Turk Mamluks rebelled, making a new capital
2. Shia Dynasty arose
3. Other groups were carving out the empire
b. Finally beaten by the Mongols
1. Many Muslims fled to Egypt
2. Ottoman Turks reunited Mid East until 1918
B. Developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire
1. Western Roman Empire collapsed, became decentralized
2. Eastern Half became Byzantine Empire, flourished
3. Both practiced Christianity, not in the same way
4. The Byzantine Empire: The Brief Details
a. Features of The Byzantine Empire
1. Inhabitants spoke Greek
2. Inhabitants practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity
3. Middle East-influenced culture
b. Byzantine emperors were all powerful
c. Justinian's Rule
1. Reigned from 527-565 c.e.
2. Justinian supported the arts and sciences
d. The Great Schism
1. Disagreements
a. Communion
b. Marriage rights of priests
c. Church sermon language (local or Latin)
d. Icon placement during worship
2. The Actual Schism
a. Roman Catholic Pope excommunicated Greek religious leader, he did the same
b. Ocurred in 1054 c.e.
c. Eastern Orthodoxism influenced in Southeast Europe
2. Impact of Orthodoxy on Russia: Feast In The East
a. Slavs and Russians converted to Orthodoxism by St. Cyril
b. Vladimir (prince of Kiev) converted to Orthodoxy
c. Russia differs from Europe because
1. Russia aligned with Byzantine Empire
2. Catholics reformed, Russia and Byzantines did not
3. Mongols invaded Russia
3. Meanwhile out West: The Franks versus the Muslims
a. One Germanic tribe rose to Famedom, the Franks
b. Leader King Clovis built an empire from Germany to Belgium
c. Clovis died, splitting the empire, which failed afterward
d. Later leader Charles Martel stopped Muslim advance into Europe, established Carolingian Dynasty
4. Charlemagne: The empire Strikes Back
a. Charles, grandson of Charles Martel, built a large empire known as Holy Roman Empire
b. Nothing like Roman Empire except for the language of Latin
c. Arts and Education supported by Charlemagne
d. After death, empire split into three sections
5. The Vikings: Raiders From The Norse
a. Places of Orgin
1. Vikings came from Scandinavia
2. Magyars from Hungary
3. Farmers and fishermen were main occupations
b. Tactics
1. Vikings used lightning raids to steal supplies
2. Light, maneuverable boats were used
3. Common raid locations were
a. Catholic monastaries
b. Common villages
c. Viking Settlements
1. Newfoundland, Canada
2. Inland Russia
3. Northern France
4. Advances into Constantinople
d. vikings eventually converted to Christianity
6. European Feudalism: Land divided
a. The Pecking Order
1. King had power over territory
2. Nobles beneath king gave king military defense and loyalty
3. Vassals given land by nobles, they subdivided land to other vassals or peasants
4. In order for system to work, everyone had to fulfill their obligations
b. Manor Life
1. Many peasants farmed with the three rotating field system
2. Manors were often self-sufficient
3. Peasants lived on small plots of land
4. Peasants only kept one third of their harvest
c. Proper Behavior
1. Lords and Nobles followed the honor promoting the Code Of Chivalry
2. Knights practiced the Code of Chivalry itself in and out of battle
3. Male dominated society
a. Primogeniture practiced (Firstborn son inherits everything)
b. Women educated little, treated as property
c. Women could inherit, but not control fiefs
4. Peasants (serfs) were pretty much slaves
5. Some serfs became skilled craftsmen or workers
6. Skilled workers fueled the growth of Middle Class
7. Height of The Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading
a. Merchants gain power
1. Towns chartered on feudal lords' lands by merchants
2. Merchants gained monetary and political power
3. Towns formed alliances, major one was trade oriented Hanseatic League
4. Nationhood promoted flexibility among classes
b. Architecture and Art
1. Great Catholic churches built in Gothic Style
a. Believed to draw Churchgoers closer to God
b. Cathedrals expensive to build
c. Churches were centers of art
2. Music popular, too
a. Gregorian chant
b. Stringed instruments
c. Crusaders and Christianity
1. The Crusades
a. Crusades launched to:
1. Take back Holy Land
2. Stop Muslim advance
3. convert people
2. The Effect
a. Europeans started to interact with Muslims
b. Europeans began to question Church
c. Scholasticism arose, threatening the Church
1. Universities being founded
2. Past being rediscovered
d. Heretics threatened Church as well
1. Angered by Church's wealth and power
2. They wanted a resimplified church
3. The Inquisition
1. Church doctrine in question
a. Started by Pope Innocent III
b. Originally intended to issue decrees on church doctrine
c. Heretics and Jews persecuted, tortured, excommunicated by Church
2. Thomas Aquinas
a. Wrote Summa Theologica, summary of Catholic Faith
b. His views were:
1. Faith and reason could coexist
2. Both considered gifts from God
8. The Emergence of Nation States: Power Solidifies
A. Germany
1. Decentralized
2. Strong Trade and Commerce
3. Numerous Townships and kingdoms
4. Home of the Hanseatic League
B. England
1. Centralized under one kingdom since 1066
2. Under King John, Magna Carta created
3. Magna Carta, basis of Parliament
a. House of Lords
b. House of Commons
C. France
1. In 987, King Hugh Capet ruled area around Paris
2. Subsequent kings built on his area
3. France invaded by England, starting Hundred Years War
4. France routed British, later Bourbon kings further strengthened France
D. Spain
1. Queen Isabella married King Ferdinand
a. The marriage united most of peninsula under Catholic Rule
b. Monarchy and Spain flourished
c. Non Christians
1. Forced to leave Spain
2. Or forced to convert
2. Urbanization starting to grow
9. What about Russia?
a. In 1242, Russia succumbed to The Tatars
b. 200 years later, Russian Princes overthrew the Tatars
c. Prince Ivan III declared himself czar, ruled ruthlessly
C. Developments in Asia
1. China and nearby regions
a. T'ang-618-907 c.e.
b. Song-960-1279
c. Ming-1368-1644
2. A quick Review of the Rise and Fall and Rise and Fall and Rise
a. T'ang dynasty
1. Famous for day to day life poetry
2. Along with the Song, T'ang were accomplished in:
a. Art
b. Architecture
c. Science
d. Philosophy
e. Silk manufacture
f. Much more
3. Military conquest grew empire, tribute system used
b. The Song Dynasty
2. England
a. King Henry VIII did not make a son as hr wanted, his daughter Elizabeth took the throne
b. Under Elizabeth’s rule, Golden Age was experienced in trade and art.
c. James’s rule
1. King James tried to institute reform over Catholics and Calvinists
2. Calvinists (Puritans) did not like his rule, sailed across to America at Plymouth Rock
d. Charles I Rule
1. Long Parliament sat for twenty years
2. Puritans leading the Parliament denied his request to fight Irish Rebellion
3. Charles I arrested some, and civil war ensued
4. Parliament’s army one, installing Oliver Cromwell into power, killing Charles I
e. James II Rule
1. Very unpopular because of his Catholicism, was driven out in Glorious Revolution
2. Was replaced by King William and Queen Mary, signed the English Bill of Rights
3. France
a. After Hundred Years’ War, Edict of Nantes brought an end to violence between Catholics and Huguenots
b. King Louis XIV’s Rule
1. Believed he was divine
2. Had grand art made that glorified France
3. Revoked the Edict of Nantes, causing Huguenots to leave
4. King Louis’s troops were always at war over sea
c. The War of Spanish Succession
1. One of Louis XIV’s grandsons inherited the Spanish throne
2. Perceiving Spain as a threat, England, the H.R.E, and German princes attacked
3. France had to give up much land to the British, and did not combine with Spain
4.German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire, Sort Of)
a. Holy Roman Empire lost land to the Ottoman Turks in 1648
b. Thirty Years War
1. Devastated region
2. Holy Roman Emperors weakened
3. In the early 19th century, H.R.E. remnants became city-states
c. By 1700s, northern German city-states (Especially Prussia) were gaining power
B. Russia Out of Isolation
1. Ivan III And His Son: Twin Terrors
a. Ivan III and his son, Ivan IV rebelled against the Tatars and ousted them
b. Two continued, uniting and recovering all of Russia through peasant soldiers (Cossacks)
2. Ivan IV’s Rule
a. Ivan IV eliminated any threat to his power, even his son
b. Declared himself czar in Moscow
3. Time of Troubles
a. Began after Ivan IV’s death
b. lasted from 1603-1614, many fake leaders ruled and were murdered
c. Michael Romanov elected czar by feudal lords, began the Romanov dynasty
d. Cossacks expanded the empire further to Ukraine and Manchuria
4. Peter the Great
a. Westernized Russia with
1. The creation of the Russian Navy
2. The influx of European scientists and artists
b. Peter moved the capital to St. Petersburg
5. Catherine The Great
a. Catherine oppressed serfs constantly
b. She expanded the empire into Poland and Black Sea area
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)